1、2012 年四川外国语大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：206.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、填空题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Every society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of production, distribution, and 1. (consume)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_2.In 1with his wishes, he was buried without a religious ceremony.(accord)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_3.The Cold War
2、 is over. The threat of nuclear 1is virtually nonexistent.(destroy)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_4.By 1949, he had become so 1in the eyes of the English Establishment that members of Parliament felt that he should be given the Order of Merit, Englands highest honor to a civilian.(respect)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_5.One ver
3、y important aspect of the process of production is the 1of tasks to be performed that is, deciding which types of people are expected to perform which categories of work.(allocate)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_6.With the First World War looming overhead Russells 1to social issues grew more intense. (dedicate)（分数：
4、2.00）填空项 1:_7.A family is a social unit characterized by economic cooperation, the management of reproduction and child rearing, and common 1.(reside)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_8.As a 1from their workaday lives, many Westerners seek gratification by attending a play, a concert, or a museum.(divert)（分数：2.00）填空项
5、 1:_9.More than 1 , 000 people a year are filing for 1protection(average owed: $40, 000), at an estimated cost to creditors of more than $2.5 million.(bankrupt)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_10.Every society has access to certain natural resources in its 1 environment, including land, animals, water, minerals, and
6、 plants.(territory)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_11.The artistic process should be creative, playful and 1, and need not be concerned with the practicality or usefulness of the object being produced.(enjoy)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_12.If you require a building permit, the petty official 1 will obviously get more pleasure f
7、rom saying “No“ than from saying “Yes“.(concern)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_13.Our life is part of the life of the Earth, and we draw our 1from it just as the plants and animals do.(nourish)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_14.He was elected president of the Campaign for Nuclear 1in 1958.(Disarm)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_15.The 1 of philo
8、sophy is founded on the belief that knowledge is good, even if what is known is painful.(pursue)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_16.A state can be defined as a 1 form of political organization that governs many communities within a relatively large geographic area.(hierarchy)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_17.Epidemiological studie
9、s also have revealed links between certain activitiessmoking cigarettes, for instanceand higher 1.(mortal)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_18.Human social groups are formed on the basis of a number of factors, including occupation, kinship, social class, sex, age, ethnic 1, education, and religion.(affiliate)（分数：2.0
10、0）填空项 1:_19.Young Bertrands childhood at Pembroke Lodge was a regimented existence of puritan 1, austerity, and loneliness.(pious)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_20.Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole of loneliness, poverty, and pain ma
11、ke a 1of what human life should be.(mock)（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_二、选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)21.Some light bulbs have a special coating that diffuses rays from the filament and reduces_.（分数：2.00）A.dischargeB.conductionC.insulatorD.glare22.The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not _, the notes on a pr
12、inted sheet of music.（分数：2.00）A.refrainB.inscribeC.alterD.irrigate23.Automobile experts have shown that halogen headlights _thick fog more effectively than traditional incandescent headlights and thus help to reduce accidents.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.dissolveC.excelD.induce24.Glaciers_where the rate of
13、 ice loss is equivalent to the forward advance of the glacier.（分数：2.00）A.terminateB.sprainC.yieldD.grieve25.As photographic techniques have become more sophisticated, the scope of their application has expanded_.（分数：2.00）A.disgracefullyB.brutallyC.maliciouslyD.enormously26.Many pure metals have litt
14、le use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other_.（分数：2.00）A.additiveB.drawbackC.catalystD.alloy27.People who do not sleep enough tend to become_.（分数：2.00）A.irritableB.conceitedC.humiliatingD.snobbish28.Meteors rarely_for longer than a few seconds.（分数：2.00）A.bleachB.blazeC.mutte
15、rD.summon29.Roy easily established himself as_painter.（分数：2.00）A.a meanB.an outstandingC.a wearyD.an appalling30.Christine_ with Alexander Bell during the experiments leading to the invention of the first telephone.（分数：2.00）A.collaboratedB.commencedC.compelledD.consoled31.A major characteristic of p
16、arliamentary government is the _of executive and legislative powers in one body.（分数：2.00）A.patronB.interventionC.fusionD.alignment32.A darkened sky in the daytime is usually an indication that storm is_.（分数：2.00）A.imminentB.verticalC.impulsiveD.foregoing33.If a foreign object becomes_in the eye, med
17、ical help is necessary.（分数：2.00）A.isolatedB.intrudedC.posedD.lodged34.Acting is defined as the ability to react to_stimuli.（分数：2.00）A.ineptB.illiterateC.imaginativeD.imaginary35.When birds_, they sometimes fly in formation.（分数：2.00）A.migrateB.hatchC.peckD.breed36.Calipers are instruments that can be
18、 used to_ the distance between two surfaces.（分数：2.00）A.createB.gaugeC.duplicateD.enclose37.The pupil of the human eye_when the level of light is low.（分数：2.00）A.denotesB.distinguishesC.dilatesD.proceeds38.Camels have been_for thousands of years.（分数：2.00）A.discernedB.complicatedC.sophisticatedD.domest
19、icated39.The long-eared owl is found only in North America, and the short-eared owl is_.（分数：2.00）A.opaqueB.posthumousC.ubiquitousD.cumulative40.When hummingbirds fly, their wing beats are so rapid that the wings seem_.（分数：2.00）A.wretchedB.blurredC.visualizedD.jagged三、简答题(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Based on the p
20、assage given in the section “Reading Comprehension“ above, you are required to summarize each passage within 40 50 words. Write the answers on your Answer Sheet.（分数：6.00）(1).Passage 1 :（分数：2.00）_(2).Passage 2:（分数：2.00）_(3).Passage 3 :（分数：2.00）_四、阅读理解(总题数：8，分数：100.00)THE RISE OF ANTIBIOTIC - RESISTAN
21、T INFECTIONS AWhen penicillin became widely available during the Second World War, it was a medical miracle, rapidly vanquishing the biggest wartime killerinfected wounds. Discovered initially by a French medical student, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896, and then rediscovered by Scottish physician Alexande
22、r Fleming in 1928, penicillin crippled many types of disease-causing bacteria. But just four years after drug companies began mass-producing penicillin in 1943, microbes began appearing that could resist it. B“There was complacency in the 1980s. The perception was that we had licked the bacterial in
23、fection problem. Drug companies werent working on new agents. They were concentrating on other areas, such as viral infections, “ says Michael Blum, M.D., medical officer in the Food and Drug Administrations division of anti-infective drug products. “ In the meantime, resistance increased to a numbe
24、r of commonly used antibiotics, possibly related to overuse. In the 1990s, weve come to a point for certain infections that we dont have agents available. “ CThe increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. Any population of organisms, bacteria included, naturally includ
25、es variants with unusual traitsin this case, the ability to withstand an antibiotics attack on a microbe. When a person takes an antibiotic, the drug kills the defenceless bacteria, leaving behindor “selecting“ in biological termsthose that can resist it. These renegade bacteria then multiply, incre
26、asing their numbers a million fold in a day, becoming the predominant microorganism. “Whenever antibiotics are used, there is selective pressure for resistance to occur. More and more organisms develop resistance to more and more drugs, “ says Joe Cranston, Ph.D., director of the department of drug
27、policy and standards at the American Medical Association in Chicago. DDisease-causing microbes thwart antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action. For example, penicillin kills bacteria by attaching to their cell walls, then destroying a key part of the wall. The wall falls apart, and
28、the bacterium dies. Resistant microbes, however, either alter their cell walls so penicillin cant bind or produce enzymes that dismantle the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria acquire genes conferring resistance in different ways. Bacterial DNA may mutate spontaneou
29、sly. Drug-resistant tuberculosis arises this way. Another way is called transformation where one bacterium may take up DNA from another bacterium. Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired from a small circle of DNA called a plasmid, which can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A si
30、ngle plasmid can provide a slew of different resistances. EMany of us have come to take antibiotics for granted. A child develops a sore throat or an ear infection, and soon a bottle of pink medicine makes everything better. Linda McCaig, a scientist at the CDC, comments that “ many consumers have a
31、n expectation that when theyre ill, antibiotics are the answer. Most of the time the illness is viral, and antibiotics are not the answer. This large burden of antibiotics is certainly selecting resistant bacteria. “ McCaig and Peter Killeen, a fellow scientist at the CDC, tracked antibiotic use in
32、treating common illnesses. The report cites nearly 6 million antibiotic prescriptions for sinusitis alone in 1985, and nearly 13 million in 1992. Ironically, advances in modern medicine have made more people predisposed to infection. McCaig notes that “there are a number of immunocompromised patient
33、s who wouldnt have survived in earlier times. Radical procedures produce patients who are in difficult shape in the hospital, and there is routine use of antibiotics to prevent infection in these patients. FThere are measures we can take to slow the inevitable resistance. Barbara Murray, M.D., of th
34、e University of Texas Medical School at Houston writes that “ simple improvements in public health measures can go a long way towards preventing infection“. Such approaches include more frequent hand washing by health-care workers, quick identification and isolation of patients with drug-resistant i
35、nfections, and improving sewage systems and water purity. Drug manufacturers are also once again becoming interested in developing new antibiotics. The FDA is doing all it can to speed development and availability of new antibiotic drugs. “We cant identify new agentsthats the job of the pharmaceutic
36、al industry. But once they have identified a promising new drug, what we can do is to meet with the company very early and help design the development plan and clinical trials, “ says Blum. “In addition, drugs in development can be used for patients with multi-drug-resistant infections on an emergen
37、cy compassionate use basis for people with AIDS or cancer, for example, “ Blum adds. Appropriate prescribing is important. This means that physicians use a narrow spectrum antibiotics those that target only a few bacterial typeswhenever possible, so that resistances can be restricted. “There has bee
38、n a shift to using costlier, broader spectrum agents. This prescribing trend heightens the resistance problem because more diverse bacteria are being exposed to antibiotics, “ writes Killeen. So, while awaiting the next wonder drug, we must appreciate, and use correctly, the ones that we already hav
39、e. Another problem with antibiotic use is that patients often stop taking the drug too soon, because symptoms improve. However, this merely encourages resistant microbes to proliferate. The infection returns a few weeks later, and this time a different drug must be used to treat it. The conclusion:
40、resistance can be slowed if patients take medications correctly.Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has 6 paragraphs(A - F). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information? Write the appropriate letters(A-F)on your Answer Sheet.（分数：12.00）(1).How antibiotic resistance happens?（分数：2.00）_(2).The
41、 survival of the fittest bacteria.（分数：2.00）_(3).Factors to consider in solving the antibiotic-resistant bacteria problem.（分数：2.00）_(4).The impact of the discovery of the first antibiotic.（分数：2.00）_(5).The misuse and overuse of antibiotics.（分数：2.00）_(6).The cessation of research into combating bacter
42、ial infections.（分数：2.00）_Questions 7-10 Match the views 7-10 with the people listed in the following box. Write the appropriate letters on your Answer Sheet.（分数：8.00）(1).Antibiotics are sometimes used to only prevent infections.（分数：2.00）_(2).Choosing the correct antibiotic for particular infections
43、is important.（分数：2.00）_(3).Today there are some bacterial infections for which we have no effective antibiotic.（分数：2.00）_(4).Untested drugs can be used on terminal patients as a last resort. PK Peter Killeen JC Joe Cranston LM Linda McCaig MB Michael Blum BM Barbara Murray（分数：2.00）_In his classic no
44、vel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?“ she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Everywhere, “ he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has bui
