1、2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）模拟题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：10.00)While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harm- ful _(1)_ is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology. The similarity between diseas
2、e organisms and personal devices is _(2)_ . Viruses and other para- sites control larger organisms, _(3)_ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, _(4)_ ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity sup- plied _(5)_ wire umbilici. It is
3、 tempting to _(6)_ a “strategy” to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient. _(7)_ , the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, _(8)_ experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful. Tech _(9)_ occurs through actively-learnt resp
4、onses, or “operant conditioning” as animal be- haviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a _(10)_ cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is _(11)_ with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails.
5、“Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we _(12)_ look at our phone, seeking re- wards?” asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement _(13)_ an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Re- searc
6、h is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile _(14)_ that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been _(15)_ by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe. _(16)_, mobile technology causes symp
7、toms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to _(17)_ sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can _(18)_ the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this
8、 _(19)_, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it _(20)_ to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you. （分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.phenomenonB.epidemicC.issueD.event(2).（分数：0.5）A.strikingB.obscureC.interes
9、tingD.mysterious(3).（分数：0.5）A.relyingB.choosingC.grabbingD.using(4).（分数：0.5）A.taking overB.feeding onC.catching upD.allowing for(5).（分数：0.5）A.withB.overC.toD.via(6).（分数：0.5）A.pointB.turnC.attributeD.prefer(7).（分数：0.5）A.InsteadB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.therwise(8).（分数：0.5）A.whichB.asC.thatD.where(9).（分数
10、：0.5）A.progressB.termC.crisisD.addiction(10).（分数：0.5）A.dangerousB.specialC.largeD.funny(11).（分数：0.5）A.rewardedB.resistedC.resumedD.reversed(12).（分数：0.5）A.anxiouslyB.occasionallyC.happilyD.endlessly(13).（分数：0.5）A.withinB.fromC.aboutD.through(14).（分数：0.5）A.supportB.approveC.argueD.insist(15).（分数：0.5）A
11、.formedB.seperatedC.classifiedD.modified(16).（分数：0.5）A.SurprisinglyB.ImportantlyC.FortunatelyD.Regrettably(17).（分数：0.5）A.compensateB.helpC.comfortD.improve(18).（分数：0.5）A.shareB.obtainC.subscribeD.observe(19).（分数：0.5）A.partB.senseC.levelD.way(20).（分数：0.5）A.adaptiveB.carefulC.similarD.captive二、阅读理解(总题
12、数：5，分数：50.00)Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Text 1Warren Buffett, who on May 3rd hosts the folksy extravaganza that is Berkshire Hathaways annual shareholders meeting, is an icon
13、of American capitalism. At 83, he also embodies a striking demographic trend: for highly skilled people to go on working well into what was once thought to be old age. Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with
14、 a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor that is slicing through all age groups. Rapid innovation has raised the incomes of the highly sk
15、illed while squeezing those of the unskilled. Those at the top are working longer hours each year than those at the bottom. And the well-qualified are extending their working lives, compared with those of less-educated people. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound. But the noti
16、on of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-e
17、ducated baby-boomers are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce. Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy, combined with the replaceme
18、nt of generous defined-benefit pension plans with stingier defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to r
19、eap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than their predecessors. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management expertise to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age. This trend will b
20、enefit not just fortunate oldies but also, in some ways, society as a whole. Gov- ernment budgets will be in better shape, as high earners pay taxes for longer. Rich countries with lots of well-educated older people will find the burden of ageing easier to bear than other places. At the other end of
21、 the social scale, however, things look grim. Nor are all the effects on the economy bene- ficial. Wealthy old people will accumulate more savings, which will weaken demand. Inequality will increase and a growing share of wealth will eventually be transferred to the next generation via in- heritance
22、, entrenching the division between winners and losers still further. （分数：10）(1).According to the author, Warren Buffett hosting the folksy extravaganza at 83 indicates that（ ）（分数：2）A.the demographic development is shockingB.he is the representative figure of American capitalismC.the highly skilled c
23、ontinue to work as they grow olderD.Berkshire Hathaways shareholders meeting is held once a year(2).The deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor is revealed in the following aspects EXCEPT（ ）（分数：2）A.revenueB.working livesC.working hoursD.the global population(3).If
24、well-educated folk postponed retirement, who would be influenced? （ ）（分数：2）A.the unskilled youngB.the idle oldC.the working youngD.baby-boomers(4).As mentioned in Paragraph 3 and 4, which is NOT the reason of the gap between the well-edu- cated and the unskilled? （ ）（分数：2）A.policyB.countryC.labor sk
25、illsD.the changing nature of work(5).In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on（ ）（分数：2）A.a vivid account of global ageingB.a detailed description of positive impactC.other possible reasons for the deepening divide in U.S.D.one likely solution such as i
26、mposing higher inheritance taxesText 2Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question. we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five member
27、s. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brain- storming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reas
28、oning. Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general inte
29、lli- gence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others. We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the te
30、ams discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more wom
31、en outperformed teams with more men. This last ef- fect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at “mindread- ing” than men. In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test
32、 in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, and whether so- cial ability would matter as much when pe
33、ople communicated purely by typing messages into a browser. And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More sur- prisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot,
34、participated equally and possessed good emo- tion-reading skills. （分数：10）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that （ ）（分数：2）A.some groups are really smarter than othersB.the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks togetherC.the selected short tasks must have pr
35、actical significanceD.logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task(2).According to psychologists, individual intelligence （ ）（分数：2）A.is characterized by generalityB.is related to math skillsC.is not related to teamsD.is key to smarter teams(3).According to the author, the characteri
36、stics of smarter teams include all the following EX- CEPT（ ）（分数：2）A.the members have relatively equal contribution to the teams discussionsB.the members have a higher IQC.the members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressionsD.there are more female members than other teams(4).In a
37、 new study, the other half of people work online because（ ）（分数：2）A.its necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experimentB.online collaboration is becoming more and more importantC.the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showedD.the experimenters want to prove social ab
38、ility is vital to every team(5).The best title for the passage may be（分数：2）A.How to Develop a Smarter TeamB.Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than OthersC.The Characteristics of Smarter TeamD.What Factors can Affect a TeamText 3Ellen Pao spent the last few years spotlighting the technology industrys lack o
39、f diversity, in court and beyond. Erica Baker caused a stir at Google when she started a spreadsheet last year for employees to share their salaries, highlighting the pay disparities between those of different genders doing the same job. Laura I. Gomez founded a start-up focused on improving diversi
40、ty in the hiring process. Now the three are starting an effort to collect and share data to help diversify the rank-and-file employees who make up tech companies. The nonprofit venture, called Project In- clude, was unveiled on Tuesday. As part of Project Include, the group plans to extract commitme
41、nts from tech companies to track the diversity of their work forces over time and eventually share that data with other start-ups. The effort will focus on start-ups that employ 25 to 1,000 workers, in the hope of spurring the com- panies to think about equality sooner rather than later. The project
42、 will also ask for participation from venture capital firms that advise and mentor the start-ups. Project Include aims to have 18 companies as part of its first cohort; a few have already signed up. The group will meet regularly for seven months to define and track specific metrics. At the end of th
43、at period, the group will publish an anonymized set of results to show the progressor lack thereofthat the start-ups have made around diversity. The groups push is intended to cut through techs slow pace of change on diversity. Large companies, including Google, Facebook and Microsoft, have openly a
44、dmitted their failings in creating diverse work forces, and some have started programs to move the needle. But that has not seemed to spur much movement in views on the issue. In December, for instance, Michael Moritz, a partner at the venture capital firm Sequoia Capital, made headlines when he sai
45、d in an interview that his firmwhich had no female investment partners in the United Stateswould focus on hiring women but would not “lower its standards” to do so. He also said the firm was blind to gender and race. “It is this incredibly self-serving mythology that we are the best and the brightes
46、t, and that the best ideas rise to the top and will get funded,” said Ms. Kapor Klein, noting there is plenty of data to show that minority access to tech programs and networks is worse than that of white males. “Despite an avalanche of rigorous data to the contrary, the belief in pure meritocracy p
47、ersists.” （分数：10）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（ ）（分数：2）A.Ellen Pao spent a lot of time diversifying the courts structureB.Erica Baker is an experienced HR in GoogleC.Ellen Pao, Erica Baker and Laura I. Gomez found a start-up togetherD.Project Include is aimed to diversify the
48、employees in tech companies(2).The effort of Project Include on start-ups expects to（ ）（分数：2）A.obtain commitments from tech companiesB.obtain related dataC.urge the companies to think about equality earlierD.urge the venture capital firms to participate(3).What will Project Include not do to 18 comp
49、anies during the seven months?（ ）（分数：2）A.Make them agree with the cohort.B.Meet them regularly.C.Define specific metrics.D.Track specific metrics.(4).The phrase “the needle” (Para. 4) probably refers to（ ）（分数：2）A.diverse work forcesB.a needle for weavingC.views on diversificationD.the measures of Project Include(5).It seems that Ms. Kapor Klein believes（ ）（分数：2）A.the root of the problem is peoples arroganceB.there is a long way to
