1、北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2010 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：10，分数：10.00)A.The new bookstore is too far away.B.The store carries all the latest booksC.There is a bookstore there before.D.The books in the store are old.A.Reading the paperB.Taking a final examC.Helping the libraria
2、nD.StudyingA.Get another carB.Ask someone else to help her.C.Buy something less expensive.D.Go to another repair shop.A.Winter is one of her favorite seasons.B.She packed her winter clothes months ago.C.Shes happy the season has changedD.The warm weather might not last long.A.His team won the other
3、night.B.He didnt go to the game.C.His team always loses.D.His team played for the first time.A.Each person will be allowed to buy one ticket.B.The tickets will sell out quickly.C.The rock concert will probably be rescheduled.D.There will be extra tickets at the rock concert.A.Boardthe train.B.Send a
4、 fax.C.Change his departure time.D.Have breakfast.A.The woman should cut his hair again.B.He wants the woman to cut his hair extremely short.C.Hes bald and doesnt need a haircut.D.The woman previously cut off too much of his hair.A.The manger took the mans key.B.The man has too many keys.C.The man o
5、ften misplaces his keys.D.The same thing happened to her.A.She has to practice her speech.B.She doesnt like seafood.C.She thinks the restaurant is too expensive.D.She will accompany the man to the restaurant.二、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.In industries.B.In banks.C.In department stores.D.In jewelry st
6、ores.A.The wealth of that country.B.Governments.C.Coin reserves.D.None of the above.A.It has risen a little.B.It has risen a lot.C.It has dropped a little.D.It has dropped a lot.A.Because they have confidence in the world economy.B.Because the price of gold is acceptable.C.Because they think gold wi
7、ll keep its value.D.Because gold is a kind of useful raw material.A.Because they want to influence the world economy.B.Because they are enchanted by the beauty of gold.C.Because they want to make huge profits.D.None of the above.A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.A.Because it helps us to solve problems.B.B
8、ecause it makes us live comfortably.C.Because it enables us to exchange goods and services.D.Because it is a means of communication.A.They are valuable things.B.They can be bought and sold.C.Their value can remain approximately constant.D.They can be exchanged freely.A.Money enables us to make use o
9、f old things.B.All things in the world can be measured by money.C.Money is fixed and unchangeable in comparison with other things.D.Money is a standard of value because it does not vary.A.It may go bad.B.It may lose some of its value.C.More money is deposited in the bank.D.The total amount of the mo
10、ney may be increased.三、Part Reading Comp(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Passage 1 There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root
11、, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses- all of wh
12、ich led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability. Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as
13、measures of height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - or the data may represent qualitative variable, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before
14、 they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulti
15、es for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, ha
16、ve been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, th
17、e purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population. (328 words) （分数：7.50）(1).Which of the following are counting and describing associated with? （分数：1.50）A.Descriptive statisticsB.Unkn
18、own variablesC.Qualitative changesD.Inferential statistics(2).Why does the author mention the “mother“ and “father“ in the first paragraph? （分数：1.50）A.To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable wayB.To point out that parent can teach their children statisticsC.To explai
19、n that there are different kinds of variablesD.To introduce inferential statistics(3).Which of the following is true of descriptive statistics? （分数：1.50）A.It leads to increased variabilityB.It solves all numerical problemsC.It simplifies unwieldy masses of dataD.It changes qualitative variables to q
20、uantitative variables(4).What is the purpose of examining a sample of a population? （分数：1.50）A.To tabulate collections on dataB.To compare different groupsC.To consider all the quantitative variablesD.To predict characteristics of the entire population(5).Which of the following might be the best tit
21、le for this passage? （分数：1.50）A.How to Use Descriptive StatisticsB.Applications of Inferential StatisticsC.The Development and Use of StatisticsD.The Drawbacks of Descriptive and Inferential StatisticsPassage 2 A number of articles have been published by psychologists in favor of their procession be
22、ing permitted to prescribe psychotropic (治疗精神病的) medications. A review of studies surveying practitioners, though, reveals that the majority of psychologists are opposed to the gaining of prescription privileges. Unless a major shift occurs in the attitudes of most psychologists on this issue, presc
23、ription privileges could cause divisions within the field, as well as a greater division between psychologists and other professions. There has been a growing interest in psychopharmacology (心理药物学) among a variety of subspecialties in psychology. Therefore, before psychologists become involved in pr
24、escribing psychopharmacological agents, it is critical that licensure provisions be developed. According to psychologist Tom Kubiszyn, school psychologists, because of their training and setting, may be in a unique position to expand their competencies in the areas of pediatric medication and evalua
25、tion procedures, particularly with schoolchildren, diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, Stephen DeMers of the University of Kentucky points out possible complications with school psychologists seeking greater involvement in psychopharmacology. School psychology prog
26、rams provide much less training and experience in psychopathology and therapeutic interventions than clinical psychology programs do. Within the field of psychology, there are varying degrees of credentials, making it difficult for clients to identify competent practitioners. For instance, in psycho
27、logy, the public may have difficulty understanding the difference between a Psy.D, a PhD and an EdD Some psychologists have a masters degree, while others have earned certificates of advancement in areas such as drug and alcohol or family therapy. Currently, psychology licensing acts allow for the c
28、redentialing of all psychologists with a doctoral degree, regardless of whether the individual was trained as a practitioner. Perhaps the Psy.D and PhD need to be two distinct degrees, whereby the Psy.D is for practitioners and the PhD is for researchers and academicians. The result would be differe
29、nt training in psychology for the two degrees. The absence of criteria identifying the practitioner is a serious impediment for professional psychology and must be resolved before granting psychologists the right to prescribe psychotropic medication. (324 words) （分数：7.50）(1).The prescription privile
30、ges of psychologists is probably NOT the cause for_ （分数：1.50）A.divisions within the psychological fieldB.their overwhelming oppositions to the gaining of such a rightC.a greater division between psychologists and other professionsD.a greater unity between psychologists and other professions(2).It is
31、 implied in the last paragraph that_ （分数：1.50）A.prescribing the medication needs the identified criteriaB.the absence of the practitioners is a serious obstacleC.the presence of more practitioners is a new problemD.identifying the practitioner is of great importance(3).The best title for this passag
32、e might be _ （分数：1.50）A.Diversity and UnityB.Diversity versus UnityC.Psychology in DiversityD.Pr of Diversities(4).“credentials” in the last paragraph refers to _ （分数：1.50）A.professional techniquesB.qualified certificatesC.personal qualificationsD.substantial formal education(5).Which of the followi
33、ng statement about the school psychologist is TRUE? （分数：1.50）A.They are not competent in their treatment of schoolchildren because they havent received proper training.B.They have no proper credentials to justify their work in psychopharmacology.C.Their involvement in psychopharmacology sometimes sh
34、ould be limited, as they are not as well trained and experienced as clinical psychologists do.D.They should get a Psy. Degree before they are involved in the psychological treatment of schoolchildren.Passage 3 If a mother pushes her small son in a swing, giving only a light force each time he return
35、s, eventually he will be swinging quite high. The child can do this for himself by using his legs to increase the motion, but both the mothers push and the childs leg movements must occur at the proper moment, or the extent of the swing will not increase. In physics, increasing the swing is increasi
36、ng the amplitude; the length of the rope on the swing determines its natural oscillation period. This ability of an object to move periodically or to vibrate when stimulated by a force operating in its natural period is called resonance. Resonance is observed many times without consciously thinking
37、about it; for example, one may find an annoying vibration or shimmy in an automobile, caused by a loose engine mount vibrating with increasing amplitude because of an out-of-round tire. The bulge on the tire slaps the pavement with each revolution; at the natural resonance point of the engine mount,
38、 it will begin to vibrate. Such vibrations can result in considerable damage, if allowed to persist. Another destructive example of resonance is the shattering of a crystal goblet by the production of a musical tone at the natural resonant point of the goblet. The energy of the sound waves causes vi
39、bration in the glass; as its amplitude increases, the motion in the glass exceeds the elasticity of the goblet, and it shatters. An instrument called a tachometer makes use of the principle of resonance. It consists of many tiny bars, loosely fastened together and arranged so that each bar can slide
40、 independently of the others. Movement of the bars causes changes in a dial. When placed next to a rotating motor or engine, the tachometer picks up slight vibrations which are transferred to the resonant bars. These bars begin to move, and the resulting dial may be read to find the revolutions per
41、minute of the motor very quickly. (328 words) （分数：7.50）(1).An object, if moving rhythmically when stimulated in a natural period, is said to_ （分数：1.50）A.vibrateB.resonateC.swingD.oscillate(2).The distance a swing moves from its resting position is called its_ （分数：1.50）A.revolutionB.movementC.frequen
42、cyD.amplitude(3).A tachometer is an instrument that uses resonance to determine_ （分数：1.50）A.the speed of a motor in revolutionsB.the frequency at which a motor vibratesC.the amplitude of an engine that oscillatesD.the changes in a dial within a car engine(4).An annoying vibration can be caused at th
43、e natural resonance of the cars engine mount _ （分数：1.50）A.if the engine moves too fastB.if the engines amplitude increasesC.if a tire gets out of balanceD.if a damage occurs in the engine(5).In which of the following cases is it useful to consider the relationship between the length of an oscillatin
44、g object and its natural period? （分数：1.50）A.Adjusting the speed of a carB.Adjusting a clock pendulumC.Adjusting tire balanceD.Adjusting engine mountsPassage 4 No other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the best technically, even if used too lavishly a
45、nd thus dangerously, but none of the countries that stand above us in healthy status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused by t
46、he significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence. Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U. S. than in any of the countries that have a better infant mortality rate and
47、female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor countries, that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of them, a good basic d
48、iet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment opportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U.S. a national unemployment level of 10 percent may be 40 percent in the ghetto while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in health do not have suc
49、h severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involve in them. Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living. Excessive intake of animal protein and fats, dangerous intake of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machismo, comb
