1、北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2012 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part I Listening Com(总题数：10，分数：10.00)A.He probably calls his brothers frequently.B.He should call his brothers more often.C.He does a lot of traveling.D.Hes saving money to visit his brothers.A.The battery is not correctly positioned.B.She do
2、esnt know how the calculator works.C.The calculator needs a new battery.D.The man should enter the numbers in a different order.A.They can get a guidebook in Montreal.B.It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.C.He doesnt mind the cost of a guidebook.D.Its no use trying to study on a trip,A.Bein
3、g hungry.B.Having a big lunchC.The weather.D.Cooking.A.Toms apartment probably costs more than the mans.B.The mans place is becoming more expensive.C.Her apartment is better than the mans.D.She wants to see Toms new apartmentA.Drop out of the play.B.Switch parts with another actor.C.Be patient about
4、 learning his part.D.Have his lines memorized by tomorrow.A.She agrees with the manB.The man missed the last study mission.C.She didnt understand the last chemistry class.D.The man should be more serious about his studies.A.He cant meet the woman at the engineering building.B.He cant give the woman
5、a ride.C.He has already passed the engineering building.D.Hell meet the woman after his appointmentA.Hell give the quiz at a later time.B.The quiz will be very short.C.The quiz wont be ready until Thursday.D.Hell score the quiz quickly.A.Take the medicine as she was directed to do.B.Schedule another
6、 appointment with her doctor.C.Stop taking the medicine.D.Rest her back for a few days二、Section B (10%)(总题数：2，分数：10.00)Passage 1 （分数：5.00）A.Luxury tax.B.Property tax.C.Income tax.D.Sales tax.A.The tax percentage increases as a familys income increases.B.The tax percentage increases as a familys sala
7、ries increase.C.The tax percentage decreases as a familys expenses increase.D.The tax percentage increases as a familys property increases.A.How long the family owns the property.B.The propertys value.C.The owners income.D.The propertys value and the owners income.A.Public schools.B.Public safety.C.
8、Roads, parks and benefits for the poor.D.All of the above.A.To the state government.B.To the federal governmentC.To the local government.D.To the community.Passage 2 （分数：5.00）A.The government gives direct subsidy to every faith.B.There is no law by Congress respecting the establishment of religionC.
9、There is a law by Congress to prohibit the free exercise of religion.D.There is no freedom for Americans to choose their religious faithA.One of the biggest increases in church membership.B.The event of prohibiting the free exercise of religion.C.A big decrease in church membership.D.The emergence o
10、f classes in religious study.A.9%.B.60%.C.45%.D.52%.A.The federal government.B.Public educational institutions.C.Various religious groups.D.The local government.A.Their members voluntary donations.B.The State Government.C.The private schools.D.Religious groups.三、Part II Reading Comp(总题数：4，分数：30.00)P
11、assage 1 The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often overlooked, principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis. The decline of marriag
12、e and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the worlds leading economies from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2.1 children per woman) f
13、or decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attribute
14、d to rapid aging over the last two decades. Even China may see its sky-high growth “come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report. The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Ra
15、nd study suggests that “India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic advantage to outpace Chinas economic growth rates by the end of the
16、century. Finally, its not just fertility that matters; its also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family, In the U.S., for instance, children are more l
17、ikely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family. And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they are married; this is one reason men worldwide enj
18、oy “marriage premiums” in their income, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent (United States) to 35 percent (Russia). So, at least when it comes to men, research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity. The bottom-line message is that what happens in
19、the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families, and their stability and quality, has important implications for the health of the global economy. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).The main idea of this passage is that _ . （分数：1.50）A.women should bear more childre
20、n in order to boost the economy.B.both marriage and fertility affect a countrys economy.C.marriage has important implications for worker productivity.D.India will outpace Chinas economic growth rate by the end of the century.(2).One reason that the worlds leading economies are facing fiscal challeng
21、es is that _. （分数：1.50）A.there is a global economic crisis in recent years.B.there are fewer babies, and consequently, people spend less on many commodities.C.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many years.D.there are tremendous strains on public c
22、offers and the economy as a whole.(3).“. its work force is poised to grow” (para. 3) probably means _ . （分数：1.50）A.its work force pauses to grow.B.its work force continues to grow fast.C.its work force continues to grow steadily.D.its work force grows slowly.(4).From the passage we know that _. （分数：
23、1.50）A.children from an intact, married family are more likely to have a better life.B.the more people a country has, the stronger economy it will have.C.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual families.D.men are likely to work harder when they are going to have children.(5).
24、According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT _ . （分数：1.50）A.the size of families.B.the stability of families.C.the quality of families.D.men and women ratio within the families.Passage 2 We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influen
25、ced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideologic
26、al revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex
27、, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute”. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, r
28、aised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set
29、out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored o
30、rder of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Womens place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based div
31、ision of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved”. To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the oth
32、er hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial i
33、ncentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. Questi
34、ons 26 to 30 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).It is only in recent years that we have recognized that _. （分数：1.50）A.there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.B.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.C.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development o
35、f culture.D.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.(2).From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because _. （分数：1.50）A.the change in sex roles is out of the question.B.womens lib has been going on for many years.C.ide
36、as about the roles of women have been changing.D.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens roles.(3).The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was _. （分数：1.50）A.preferable.B.prevalent.C.presumable.D.precedent.(4).According to the fourth paragraph, the autho
37、r seems to think that _. （分数：1.50）A.female passivity is natural.B.men and women are physically identical.C.men are born competitive and aggressive.D.some different sex identity is acquired.(5).According to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work? （分数：1
38、.50）A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B.Ambition and self-fulfillment.C.Financial incentives.D.Desire for a social life.Passage 3 BBCs Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would
39、not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant nu
40、mber of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain. The Human Tissue Authoritys position on the retention of body parts for medical resear
41、ch after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, t
42、he wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly. The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the
43、timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment. Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect
44、 the dignity of “potential persons”. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide enlightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that ar
45、e routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible
46、 that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases. The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is
47、 that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals. Questions 31 to 35 are based on the passa
48、ge.（分数：7.50）(1).What has caused the chronic organ shortage? （分数：1.50）A.a decrease in donation ratesB.inefficient governmental policyC.illegal trade in human organsD.news medias indifference(2).The expression “pussyfooting around” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) might mean _ . （分数：1.50）A.unfairB.hesitantC.secr
49、etD.strict(3).The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that _ .（分数：1.50）A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissueB.the donation consent forms are difficult to understandC.the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical researchD.embryonic research shows disregard for human life(4).To which of the following is the author most likely to agree? （分数：1.50）A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.B.More scientists are nee
