1、考研英语(二)分类真题 13 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The adage “like a kid at heart“ may be truer than we think, since new research is showing that grown-ups are more immature than ever. Specifically, it seems a growing number
2、of people are retaining the behaviors and attitudes associated with youth. As a consequence, many older people simply never achieve mental adulthood, according to a leading expert on evolutionary psychiatry. Among scientists, the phenomenon is called psychological neoteny. The theory“s creator is Br
3、uce Charlton, a professor in the School of Biology at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Charlton explained that humans have an inherent attraction to physical youth, since it can be a sign of fertility, health and vitality. In the mid-20th century, however, another force kicked in, due
4、 to increasing need for individuals to change jobs, learn new skills, move to new places and make new friends. A “child-like flexibility of attitudes, behaviors and knowledge“ is probably adaptive to the increased instability of the modern world. Formal education now extends well past physical matur
5、ity, leaving students with minds that are, he said, “unfinished.“ When formal education continues into the early twenties, it Probably, to an extent, counteracts the attainment of psychological maturity, which would otherwise occur at about this age. Charlton pointed out that past cultures often mar
6、ked the advent of adulthood with initiation ceremonies. While the human mind responds to new information over the course of any individual“s lifetime, Charlton argues that past physical environments were more stable and allowed for a state of psychological maturity. In hunter-gatherer societies, tha
7、t maturity was probably achieved during a person“s late teens or early twenties. By contrast, many modern adults fail to attain this maturity, and such failure is common and indeed characteristic of highly educated and, on the whole, effective and socially valuable people. Charlton added that since
8、modern cultures now favor cognitive flexibility, “immature“ people tend to thrive and succeed, and have set the tone not only for contemporary life, but also for the future, when it is possible our genes may even change as a result of the psychological shift. The faults of youth are retained along w
9、ith the virtues. These include short attention span, sensation and novelty-seeking, short cycles of arbitrary fashion and a sense of cultural shallowness. David Brooks, a social commentator and a columnist at The New York Times, has documented a somewhat related phenomenon concerning the current blu
10、rring of “the bourgeois world of capitalism and the bohemian counterculture,“ which Charlton believes is a version of psychological neoteny. Brooks believes such individuals have lost the wisdom and maturity of their bourgeois predecessors due to more emphasis placed on expertise, flexibility and vi
11、tality.（分数：20.00）(1).The term “psychological neoteny“ comes closest in meaning to _（分数：4.00）A.physical maturityB.mental adulthoodC.psychological maturityD.mental immaturity(2).Which of the forces has mainly caused the later attainment of psychological maturity?（分数：4.00）A.The natural desire to stay y
12、oung and vigorous.B.The need to adapt to the changed world.C.The depletion of adulthood initiation ceremonies.D.The change in human physical constitution.(3).Psychological maturity was more easily achieved in a more primitive society because _（分数：4.00）A.initiation ceremonies were practiced for adult
13、hoodB.people did not have to respond to new situationsC.people had to live on their own after the initiation ceremoniesD.there was less instability during an individual“s lifetime(4).The findings of David Brooks and Bruce Charlton are _（分数：4.00）A.complementaryB.oppositeC.irrelevantD.similar(5).The b
14、est title for the text is _（分数：4.00）A.Immaturity Levels Are RisingB.Education Keeps a Heart YoungC.Flexibility Leads to More SuccessD.Adulthood Comes in the Hard Way四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)When my son started going to “school“ full time in February, I readied myself for immunological battle. Day-car
15、e kids get sicker than children who stay at home, and I knew mine“ would, too. But other parents assured me that by kindergarten he“d be the healthiest kid in class. Last week parenting message boards lit up when a University of California, Berkeley, researcher presented unpublished data showing tha
16、t children who attend playgroups or day care have a 30 percent lower risk of developing childhood leukemia than kids who don“t, possibly because they are exposed to more infections early in life. The human immune system is an elegant mix of two partsa built-in, or innate, system and an acquired one.
17、 The innate system has already read the manual on generic germs. The acquired system, by contrast, is a bookworm, reading on the go, learning with every new microbial visitor and growing wiser as it ages. Together, the two systems assess the foods we eat, the particles we breathe, the bacteria we to
18、uch, then determine whether or not to attack. Can a young immune system handle so much new information? Research published over the past decade is reassuring. Scientists at the University of Arizona found that 2-year-olds who attend day care in the first six months of life have almost twice as many
19、colds as stay-at-home kids. But they have a third fewer colds between the ages of 6 and 11. By 13, there“s no difference in the groups, suggesting that the kids“ immune systems catch up with each other. Several studies have found that children who go to day care early in life are also less likely to
20、 develop asthma. The Arizona scientists discovered that high-risk children who start day care before 3 months old have lower levels of immunoglobutin Ea marker of allergic susceptibility connected to asthma-than non-day-care kids. Those levels remain low for the first three years of life. Anne Wrigh
21、t, the study“s lead author, says this doesn“t necessarily mean that kids benefit from being sick more often. She believes the findings support the “hygiene hypothesis,“ which suggests that simply being exposed to more microbeswhich run rampant at day careeducates the immune system, making it less li
22、kely to launch unwarranted warfare. All this is good to know. But I had to ask the experts: why am I getting: so sick? “Because you live with the source,“ says Liu. And I hug and kiss him a lot, too, so I“m probably getting a big dose of germs. It“s also possible that my immune system“s memory has f
23、aded a bit, making old harmless viruses look new and dangerous. Or I may be meeting bugs my immune system has never seen before. The most comforting words I heard were from Columbia University pediatrician Philip L. Graham , who told me that pediatricians get horribly sick during their first year of
24、 treating patients. After that, they“re immunological powerhouses.（分数：20.00）(1).The findings of the research at the University of California, Berkeley show that _（分数：4.00）A.school children are less unlikely to fall illB.parenting is closely related to children“s healthC.group activities boost childr
25、en“s resistance to illnessD.children who play truancy are more likely to fall ill(2).The two parts of our immune system have different functions in that _（分数：4.00）A.the innate system knows everything about harmful germsB.the acquired system learns to attack germs selectivelyC.the acquired system att
26、acks the bookworms but not microbial visitorsD.the innate system tells us what to eat and breathe and what not(3).From the third paragraph we learn that _（分数：4.00）A.whether children attend day care at an earlier age makes no differenceB.young children“s immune system is more capable than usually bel
27、ievedC.children who attend day care earlier tend to have breathing problems later in lifeD.the years before the age of 13 are the weakest years in a person“s life(4).An “unwarranted warfare“ (Para.4) for the immune system is one in which _（分数：4.00）A.the immune system misjudges and fails to attack ha
28、rmful germsB.the immune system plays no part in screening out harmful germsC.children suffer as a result of inaction on the part of the immune systemD.the innate system attacks harmful germs in place of the acquired system(5).From Doctor Philip L. Graham , the author has got the reassuring message t
29、hat _（分数：4.00）A.the immune system“s memory never fades even when one grows oldB.the larger the exposure to germs is, the healthier a person becomesC.pediatricians never actually get sick when they treat child patientsD.the “hygiene hypothesis“ is supported by convincing evidence五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.
30、00)New claims for unemployment insurance dipped last week, suggesting that companies are laying off fewer workers as the budding economic recovery unfolds. The Labor Department reported Thursday that for the work week ending April 27, new claims for jobless benefits went down by a seasonally adjuste
31、d 10,000 to 418,000, the lowest level since March 23. In another report, orders to US factories rose for the fourth straight month, a solid 0.4 percent rise in March. The figure was largely boosted by stronger demand for nondurable goods, such as food, clothes, paper products and chemicals. Total no
32、ndurable goods were up 1.6 percent in March, the biggest increase in two years. Orders also rose for some manufactured goods, including metals, construction machinery, household appliances and defense equipment. The report reinforces the view that the nation“s manufacturerswhich sharply cut producti
33、on and saw hundreds of thousands of jobs evaporate during the recessionare on the comeback trail. Stocks were rising again Thursday. In the first half-hour of trading, the Dow Jones industrial average was up 43 points and the Nasdaq index was up 14 points. In the jobless claims report, even with the
34、 decline, a government analyst said, the level was inflated as a result of a technical fluke. The distortion is coming from a requirement that laid-off workers seeking to take advantage of a federal extension for benefits must submit new claims. Congress recently passed legislation signed into law b
35、y President Bush that provided a 13-week extension of jobless benefits. The fluke has clouded the layoffs picture for several weeks. But the government analyst said the refiling requirement is having much less of an effect on the claims numbers than in previous weeks. The more stable four-week movin
36、g average of new claims, which smoothes out weekly fluctuations, also fell last week to 435,750, the lowest level since the beginning of April. But the number of workers continuing to receive unemployment benefits rose to 3.8 million for the work week ending April 20, evidence that people who are ou
37、t of work are having trouble finding new jobs. Economists predict that job growth won“t be strong enough in the coming months to prevent the nation“s unemployment ratenow at 5.7 percentfrom rising. Many economists are forecasting a rise in April“s jobless rate to 5.8 percent and estimating that busi
38、nesses added around 55,000 jobs during the month. The government will release the April employment report Friday. Even as the economy bounces back from recession, some economists expect the jobless rate will peak to just over 6 percent by June. That“s because companies will be reluctant to quickly h
39、ire back laid-off workers until they are assured the recovery is here to stay. Given the fledgling rebound, many economists expect the Federal Reserve to leave short-term interest ratesnow at 40-year lowsunchanged when it meets May 7. The Fed cut rates 11 times last year to rescue the economy from r
40、ecession, which began in March 2001.（分数：20.00）(1).The fact that new claims for jobless benefits decreased shows that _（分数：4.00）A.the economy is welt on its way to recoveryB.more jobless workers have found new jobsC.companies have slowed down firing workersD.unemployment rates fluctuate on a seasonal
41、 basis(2).What is the present situation of the manufacturing industry?（分数：4.00）A.It is recovering.B.It now suffers much setback.C.It has opened up thousands of employment opportunities.D.It has increased the production of nondurable goods.(3).In the first sentence of the second paragraph, the “level
42、“ refers to the level of _（分数：4.00）A.unemploymentB.the growth of productionC.new jobless claimsD.the rise of the stocks(4).Which of the following was on the rise in April?（分数：4.00）A.New claims for jobless benefits.B.The number of workers laid off.C.The number of people living on jobless benefits.D.T
43、he number of people finding new jobs.(5).One result of the present budding economic recovery is the _（分数：4.00）A.reduction in unemployment rateB.gradual rise of the interest ratesC.reduced new claims for unemployment insuranceD.reduction in inflation rate六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The term “formal learn
44、ing“ refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. “Informal learning“, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom. These definitions provide the essent
45、ial difference between the two modes of learning. Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained from practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which
46、 can prepare for the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges. In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-cl
47、ass families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates. Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this cont
48、ext, language does not occupy such an important role. the child“s experience of learning is more direct, involving sight, touch, taste, and smellsenses that are under-utilised in the classroom. Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acq
49、uired as a natural part of a child“s socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity providesometimes unintentionallytarget models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and place. The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two models of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial
