1、考研英语(二)分类真题 17 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Killing oneself has been legal in Britain since 1961, but it is a serious crime to help someone else to die. Anyone who “aids, assists, counsels or procures“ a suicide out of
2、 compassion or something more sinisterrisks up to 14 years in prison. It is a risk that many are willing to take. About 120 Britons have committed suicide at Dignitas, a Zurich suicide clinic that takes advantage of liberal Swiss laws, and many have had relatives or friends with them for moral or pr
3、actical support. None of these companions has been charged with a crime. But such cases are not unknown. Since April 2005, 16 people have been prosecuted for assisting suicide in England and Wales, and some of them have gone on to be convicted. The uncertainty as to whether helpers will be prosecute
4、d heaps agony on those who already face the appalling decision whether to end their lives. Debbie Purdy, who has multiple sclerosis, asked prosecutors last year to clarify whether her husband would be charged if he went with her to Zurich. When they declined, she appealed to the House of Lords, whic
5、h ruled in her favour in July. On September 23rd the director of public prosecutions (DPP), Keir Starmer, duly published guidelines to enlighten her and the thousands like her. Mr Starmer listed 16 factors that would weigh in favour of prosecution and 13 against. Helpers are less likely to be prosec
6、uted if they were close friends or relatives; if the person who died was severely ill physically; if he had a “settled“ wish to die; and so on. Charges are more likely if the victim was under 18 or mentally ill, or if the suspect stood to gain from his death (though, campaigners note, this is often
7、the case because helpers tend to be spouses or offspring). A British version of Dignitas is ruled out. serial assisters can expect to be prosecuted, as can members of groups whose main purpose is facilitating suicide. One consequence of leaving the matter to lawyers, rather than getting a bill throu
8、gh Parliament, is that the guidelines are framed in broader terms than a new law would have been. Earlier this year Lord Falconer and others proposed an amendment to the Coroners and Justice Bill that would have legalised assisting suicide overseas in cases of terminal illness. It was voted down by
9、peers who considered it dangerously radical. The new guidelines, though they do not make assisting suicide legal, apply at home as well as abroad and cover suicide by the seriously as welt as the terminally ill. It remains to be seen whether the rules will satisfy the demand for reform or will trigg
10、er more change. It seems too important an issue for people not to have their say.（分数：20.00）(1).Helping someone to die is illegal, _（分数：4.00）A.and prohibitive laws have been made in BritainB.and most helpers have been convicted in BritainC.but Switzerland has legalised assisted suicideD.but most who
11、do will escape prosecution(2).Those who want to choose assisted suicide worry _（分数：4.00）A.they might be charged and convictedB.those who help them may face lawsuitsC.the new guidelines could not help them muchD.the new guidelines would put an end to suicide(3).According to the new guidelines, _（分数：4
12、.00）A.helping people to kill themselves is legal in some casesB.spouses who help family members die will be sparedC.no suicide assisting agencies should be set up in BritainD.mentally sick suicide helpers should not be prosecuted(4).The rules in the guidelines _（分数：4.00）A.are less specific than the
13、terms in a law would beB.will not be passed by the ParliamentC.will meet the demand of the terminally illD.will finally make suicide assisting acts legal(5).If Lord Falconer“s proposal had been accepted _（分数：4.00）A.accompanying a spouse to Dignitas for suicide would have been legalB.assisting suicid
14、e would have been made legal within BritainC.it would have aroused more change in law-making endeavorD.it would have filled up the gap left by the new guidelines四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)There aren“t a whole lot of scientific disciplines that haven“t had something to say about climate change over the
15、yearsand with good reason. When a problem is global in scale there“s a universe of specialists and subspecialists who have to try hard to fix it. But one fieldpsychologyhas never had much skin in the game. It“s less important to consider how humans feel about the mess we“ve made of our planet, after
16、 all, than how we clean it up. That, at least, has always been the thinking. Increasingly, however, psychologists are making the case that the best way to resolve any crisis and prevent it from happening again is to understand the minds of the people who caused it. And that means all six billion of
17、US. The newest issue of the American Psychologist is devoted largely to making that case, with a series of articles by a team of psychologists from around the country exploring the thinking, feelings and other cognitive processes that have allowed us to be so neglectful of our worldand could be harn
18、essed to help us take better care of it. The papers are by and large illuminating, surprising and, well, occasionally absurdwhich is what often happens when scientists are feeling their way in a relatively new field and fall back on jargon and other linguistic terms to try to make it make sense. Sti
19、ll, with climate change only growing worse and the U.S. in particular seeming unable or unwilling to do much about it, new perspectives are always welcome and badly needed. One of the first things scientists do in trying to wrestle a big problem to the ground is simplify and clarify it, with a nice,
20、 clear equation if possibleand the climate psychologists are no exception. If you want to devise policies to make people more climate conscious, they argue, all you have to remember is I=tpn . More specifically put, that means the impact of any behavioral change will be equal its technical potential
21、 to fix the problem, times the behavioral plasticity required to comply with it, times the number of people who actually do comply. “Behavioral science understandably focuses on the p ,“ writes psychologist Paul Stern of the National Research Council, “though in setting policy priorities, t and n ar
22、e critical to take into account.“ Insulating your attic is technically simple and very effective, but it takes a lot of behavioral plasticity before anyone will actually get up and do it. Buying a hybrid car can do a lot of good toobut until the prices come way down and the selection goes way up not
23、 a lot of people are going to do it. There“s still time, of course, to reverseor at least slowour environmental decline. Psychologists may always play more of a supporting than leading role in making that happen, but it“s a critical role nonetheless.（分数：20.00）(1).From the first paragraph we learn th
24、at _（分数：4.00）A.every discipline has tried to avoid talking about climate changeB.psychology as a discipline hasn“t had much to say about climate changeC.experts in other disciplines than climatology know little about climate changeD.no discipline is concerned about how people actually feel about cli
25、mate change(2).With which of the issues are the articles not concerned?（分数：4.00）A.how people deliberately change the climate to their advantageB.what makes people mentally indifferent to their environmentC.how we think about the earth in order to preserve or protect itD.why are Americans unwilling t
26、o do something about climate change(3).What does the author think of the psychologists“ approach to climate change in general?（分数：4.00）A.Informative and enlightening.B.Intriguing but absurd.C.Ridiculous and unintelligible.D.Insightful but unpractical.(4).In the formula, p stands for _（分数：4.00）A.the
27、policy made for wrestling with environmental problemsB.the change in the climate patterns that causes disasterC.the ability to identify and solve a technical problemD.the adaptive power of people to changes in the environment(5).The best title for the text might be _（分数：4.00）A.Why Should We Put Our
28、Solution into a FormulaB.Why Psychologists Could Do Nothing about Climate ChangeC.How the Mind Can Save the Planet from Potential DisastersD.How Environmental Decline Can Be Reversed before it Is Too Late五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Scot Case was not happy. Vice president of the environmental marketing f
29、irm TerraChoice, Case last year sent his researchers into a big retail store to evaluate the green advertising claims of some of the products on its shelves. The results were startling, of the 1,018 products TerraChoice surveyed, all but one failed to live up fully to their green boasts. Words like
30、nontoxic were used in meaninglessly vague ways. Terms like Energy Star certified were in fact not backed up by certification. Many consumers may not have heard the term greenwashing, but they“ve surely experienced itmisleading marketing about the environmental benefits of a product. Greenwashing isn
31、“t newever since the environment emerged as an issue in the early 1970s, there have been advertising firms trying to convince consumers that buying Brand X is the only way to save the earth. But as going green has become big businesssales of organic products alone went from $10 billion in 2003 to mo
32、re than $20 billion in 2007companies appear eager to associate themselves with the environment, deservedly or not. If you“re not yet sick of seeing rotating wind turbines and solar panels on TV, you will be. the new fall season is likely to feature a flood of green advertising. It“s gotten so bad th
33、at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has been holding hearings over the past year to define the difference between genuine environmental claims and empty greenwash. It“s not easyand environmental advocates worry that truly green companies could get lost in all the clamor. “We have such a challenge
34、ahead of us on climate change,“ says Kevin Tuerff, a co-founder of the marketing consultancy EnviroMedia. “Greenwashing harms the effort we need to be making.“ The first step to cleaning up greenwashing is to identify it, and Tuerff and his partners have hit on an innovative way to direct public att
35、ention to particularly bad examples. They“ve launched the Greenwashing Index (), a website that allows consumers to post ads that might be examples of greenwashing and rate them on a scale of 1 to 51 is a little green lie; 5 is an outright falsehood. It“s a simple device, but it shows the power of t
36、he Internet to trace misleading ads; with a simple Web search, any consumer can find out if a car manufacturer boasting of its fuel-efficient hybrids actually earns the majority of its revenue selling gas-consuming trucks and SUVs. “We try to make it a little more transparent with the index,“ says K
37、im Sheehan, a communications professor at the University of Oregon and a co-founder of the site. “It teaches people to be a little more cautious about the claims they hear.“（分数：20.00）(1).Why is Scot not happy?（分数：4.00）A.His company was found cheating in advertising.B.The accusation against his compa
38、ny was not justifiable.C.The green claims made of most products turned out to be false.D.The terms used for describing green products were not clearly defined.(2).If a product is “greenwashed“, _（分数：4.00）A.it will sound familiar to consumersB.it makes false claims it can“t bear outC.advertising firm
39、s should be made responsibleD.it will bring unexpected environmental benefits(3).One danger in letting greenwashing go without control is that _（分数：4.00）A.many consumers will get poisoned by the advertised productsB.truly green firms will he tempted to abandon their effortsC.companies will stop taki
40、ng any notice of the environmentD.no companies will make genuine environmental claims any more(4).What is the purpose of the Greenwashing Index?（分数：4.00）A.To warn those who make false green claims.B.To remind consumers not to buy inorganic products.C.To set up a standard for evaluating green adverti
41、sing claims.D.To create a website for advertising genuine green products(5).The author wants to make consumers aware that _（分数：4.00）A.genuine environmental products are non-existentB.marketing about green products is often misunderstoodC.most of the ads posted by consumers are misleadingD.green adve
42、rtising claims can be deceiving六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For the typical American, the past decade has been economically brutal, the first time since the 1930s, according to some calculations, that inflation-adjusted incomes declined. While there are many causes, from declining unionization to the cha
43、nging mix of needed skills, globalization has had the greatest impact. The phenomenon that free traders like me adore has created a nation of winners (think of those low-priced imported goods) but also many losers. Nowhere have these pressures been more intense than in the manufacturing sector. A ty
44、pical General Motors worker costs the company about $56 per hour, which includes benefits. In Mexico, a worker costs the company $7 per hour, and in India, $1 per hour. Pressed by high unemployment and eager to keep jobs in this country, the United Auto Workers agreed that companies could cut their
45、costs by hiring some workers at $14 an hour, with lower benefits. In these troubled times, any jobs are surely welcome. But we need to reverse the decline in incomes, and this requires a more thoughtful approach than the pervasive, politically attractive happy talk sentimentally centered on restorin
46、g lost manufacturing jobs. So let“s start by acknowledging that just as it occurred decades ago with agriculture, the declining role in our economy of manufacturing, which over the last half-century is down from 32 percent of the work force to 9 percent, will continue. Let“s also recognize that retr
47、eating into protectionism would turn a win-lose into a lose-lose. And even if organized labor could force wage rates back up, that would hardly help domestic manufacturing compete against lower-cost imports. Instead, we should follow the example of successful high-wage exporters in concentrating on
48、products where we have an advantage, as Germany has done with products like sophisticated machine tools. While America still leads in sectors like defense and aviation, our greatest strength, and a source of high-paying jobs, lies in service industries with high intellectual content, like education,
49、 entertainment, digital media, and yes, even financial services. Facebook, Google and Microsoft are all American creations, as are the global credit card companies American Express, Visa and MasterCard. Achieving higher wages also requires a greater commitment to education. Following the German model of greater emphasis on engineering and technical training would also be advantageous. And there is the tricky question of what role government should play. While countries like China have put large reso
