1、考研英语-515 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Home prices slid in November, raising questions about whether the housing recovery is robust enough to maintain a sustained turnaround. From October to November, home prices fell 0.2% after (1) 0.1% in October, according to a re
2、port Tuesday by Standard fewer come from living with adult children or other family members, from nursing home facilities, retirement or independent living communities, or another assisted living or group home. For some people, however, assisted living may not be an option, mostly for financial reas
3、ons. Assisted living facilities cost an average of $ 34 000 annually in 2009, compared to about $ 74 000 per year for a nursing home, according to research published in January in Health Affairs. How this expense is paid varies. Residents can buy into a facility by paying a large, upfront sum of mon
4、ey, followed by smaller monthly assessment fees. Or if the resident opts for a facility where he can rent instead, he would pay monthly for the cost of housing and care. The facilities are also mostly located in areas where home values are higher and people nearby have higher incomes.（分数：10.00）(1).F
5、rom the first paragraph, we learn that _.（分数：2.00）A.elderly people living in assisted living facilities have to be accompanied all the timeB.fluctuation of economy can have no much effect on the construction of assisted living facilitiesC.assisted living facilities have been always increasing rapidl
6、yD.assisted living facilities have become more and more popular in the past 20 years(2).What is continuing care retirement communities?（分数：2.00）A.It is an assisted living providing a stepwise approach to care.B.It makes people never have to leave the grounds for housing.C.It provides continuing care
7、 as your health declines.D.It offers assistance with any daily activities.(3).What is the principle factor people should think over when making a decision to move into an assisted living?（分数：2.00）A.Whether they have enough money.B.What activities they need help with.C.The distance from their homes.D
8、.The living conditions there.(4).The facilities are situated in places where _.（分数：2.00）A.residents can buy into a facility by paying a lot of moneyB.residents are rich and there are a lot of aged peopleC.there are retirement and independent living communitiesD.home values are higher and people have
9、 higher incomes(5).The authors attitude towards assisted living is _.（分数：2.00）A.supportiveB.opposedC.objectiveD.subjective六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)By any standard, money manager Malcolm Gissen has had a complicated relationship with risk over the past couple of years. After losing 62 percent in 2008,
10、 the Encompass Fund, which Gissen co-manages, gained a staggering 137 percent last year, cementing its reputation as one of the more volatile funds in the industry. “Most mutual fund managers tend to invest for mediocre results. Their goal is to perform in line with their benchmark,“ says Gissen, wh
11、ose returns-for better or worsen-have been anything but mediocre. Encompass is one of a small group of funds that have a “go-anywhere“ mandate (meaning they can invest in essentially any type of security), and Gissen wields that power freely. Late last year, for instance, his fund had about 20 perce
12、nt of its assets in gold-related investments. Despite all that, Gissens attitude toward risk is surprisingly straightforward: “We dont like risk,“ he volunteers. This, of course, begs the question: What exactly constitutes a risky portfolio? “When people think about risk, they think, Whats going to
13、be the next AIG or the next Enron?“ says Chris Konstantinos, a portfolio risk manager at Riverfront Investment Group, a Virginia-based advisory firm. “Thats a really important risk, but its not the entire side of the risk equation. Its just one piece. “ Lately, the market has shone a light on an ent
14、irely different type of risk, one thats far more paradoxical and difficult to grasp. “Sometimes the biggest risk you can have in your portfolio is not having enough risk,“ says Konstantinos. “And certainly since March of 2009, thats clearly been the case. “ Advocates of this philosophy point to two
15、main scenarios. In one, a traditionally safe asset class falls off, pulling the rug out from underneath investors who were overexposed to it. Thats what many analysts expect will happen to bond investors once interest rates start creeping up. In the other, a risky type of investment takes off, leavi
16、ng those who dont own it behind in a cloud of dust. Thats what occurred when consumer discretionary stocks surged during last years rebound. In both scenarios, the advantage goes to investors with portfolios that are traditionally seen as risky. The challenge, of course, is achieving the right balan
17、ce. Many investors cant stomach the swings associated with funds like Gissens, but theres middle ground to be found. “The right way to look at risk is to look at it from a portfolio construction perspective, which means that in a highly diversified portfolio, theres room for whats perceived as risky
18、 kinds of investments,“ says Konstantinos.（分数：10.00）(1).Most managers tend to invest portfolio that _.（分数：2.00）A.has the highest valueB.doesnt contain too much riskC.is more risky than any othersD.can get more returns(2).Gissens attitude towards risk is _.（分数：2.00）A.disgustedB.frankC.scaredD.ambiguo
19、us(3).According to Konstantinos, the biggest risk of portfolio is that _.（分数：2.00）A.you invest in any type of securityB.the portfolio can not achieve the right balanceC.you continue a risky portfolioD.your portfolio does not have enough risk(4).The word “stomach“ (Line 2, Last paragraph) has the clo
20、sest meaning to “_ “.（分数：2.00）A.avoidB.handleC.endureD.adopt(5).According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.Gissen had no relationship with risk over last decade.B.In both scenarios, the challenge achieves the right balance.C.There is no good way to look at portfolio.D.The risk
21、does no good to portfolio.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is easy to see why forgiveness is typically regarded as a virtue. Forgiveness is not always a virtue, however. Indeed, if I am correct in linking resentment to self-respect, a too ready tendency to forgive may properly be regarded as a vice becaus
22、e it may be a sign that one lacks respect for oneself. Forgiveness may indeed restore relationships, but to seek restoration at all cost-even at the cost of ones very human dignity-can hardly be a virtue. And, in intimate relationships, it can hardly be true love or friendship either the kind of lov
23、e and friendship that Aristotle claimed is an essential art of the human life. If I count morality as much as anyone else (as surely I do), a failure to resent moral injuries done to me is a failure to care about the moral value in my own person (that I am, in Kantian language, an end in myself) and
24、 thus a failure to care about the very rules of morality. To put the point in yet another way: If it is proper to feel indignation when I see third parties morally wronged, must it not be equally proper to feel resentment when I experience the wrong done to myself? Morality is not simply something t
25、o be believed: it is something to be cared about. This caring includes concern about those persons (including oneself) who are the proper objects of moral attention. Interestingly enough, a readiness to forgive-or even a refusal to display resentment initially-may reveal a lack of respect not just f
26、or oneself by for others as well. The Nietzschean view, for example, is sometimes portrayed like this: There is no need for forgiveness because a strong person will never feel resentment in the first place. Why? Because he is not so weak as to think that other people-even those who harm him-matter e
27、nough to have any impact on his self-respect. We do not resent the insect that stings us (we simply deal with it), and neither should we resent the human who wrongs us. Although there is something attractive and worth discussing about this view, most of us would probably want to reject it as too dem
28、eaning of other human beings and our moral relations with them. I shall thus for the present assume the following: that forgiveness is acceptable only in cases where it is consistent with self-respect, respect for others as responsible moral agents, and allegiance to the rules of morality, that is,
29、forgiveness must not involve complicity or acquiescence (默认) in wrongdoings.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best states the main idea of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Too ready to forgive is no more a real virtue than an evil.B.The consistency between self-respect and forgiveness is important.C.Rules of
30、morality may guide the correct use of forgiveness.D.Caring about others and oneself demands generous forgiveness.(2).Why does the author say “to seek restoration at all cost-even at the cost of ones very human dignity-can hardly be a virtue“ in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The love or friendship r
31、estored is usually not true love or friendship.B.Interpersonal relationships can be restored with success.C.The cost of the restoration is more than ones dignity.D.Forgiveness is not always well received.(3).The author cites Kant in order to make it clear that_.（分数：2.00）A.morality entails the respec
32、t of oneselfB.morality demands people to care about their own business and othersC.moral people are hard to findD.if you want to be kind to others, first be kind to yourself(4).According to Nietzsche, why is there no need for forgiveness?（分数：2.00）A.Self-respect is much more important than forgivenes
33、s.B.There is no impact on the persons self-respect.C.We neednt resent the person who wrongs us.D.A person of high self-respect never feels resentment.(5).The word “complicity“ in the last paragraph most probably means “_ “.（分数：2.00）A.affairB.conspiracyC.complexityD.acceptance八、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)
34、Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed-including passwords. (41) . Such s
35、nooping is possible because each key produces a characteristic dick, shaped by its position on the keyboard, the vigor and hand position of the typist, and the type of keyboard used. But past attempts to decipher keyboard sounds were only modestly successful, requiring a training session in which th
36、e computer matched a known transcript to an audio recording of each key being struck. (42) . Furthermore, each new typist or keyboard required a fresh transcript and training session, limiting the methods appeal to would-be hackers. Now, in a blow to acoustic security, Doug Tygar and his colleagues
37、at the University of California, Berkeley, have published details of an approach that reaches 96% accuracy, even without a labeled training transcript. (43) . The software tentatively assigns each click a letter based on its frequency, then tests the message created by this assignment using statisti
38、cal models of the English language. For example, certain letters or words are more likely to occur together-if an unknown keystroke follows a “t“, it is much more likely to be an “h“ than an “x“. Similarly, the words “for example“ make likelier bedfellows than “fur example“. In a final refinement, t
39、he researchers employed a method many students would do well to deploy on term papers., automated spellchecking. By repeatedly revising unlikely or incorrect letter assignments, Dr. Tygars software extracts sense from sonic chaos. That said, the method does have one limitation: in order to apply the
40、 language model, at least five minutes of the recorded typing had to be in standard English (though in principle any systematic language or alphabet would work). But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic prose to randomized, ten-character passwords. (44) . He say
41、s it is quite simple to find the instructions needed to build a parabolic or laser microphone on the web. You could just point one from outside through an office window to make a recording. And as he points out, would-be eavesdroppers might not even need their own recording equipment, as laptop comp
42、uters increasingly come equipped with built-in microphones that could be hijacked. (45) . His computers were less successful at parsing recordings made in noisy rooms. Ultimately, though, more sophisticated recording arrays could overcome even background noise, rendering any typed text vulnerable. D
43、r. Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorization that combine a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture in a selection of images, for example). Loose lips may still sink
44、ships, but for the moment it seems that an indiscreet keystroke can do just as much damage. A This sort of acoustic analysis might sound like the exclusive province of spies and spooks, but according to Dr. Tygar, such attacks are not as esoteric as you might expect. B The sounds of typing can be de
45、coded, which can be used to decode password, so if you are typing random, secure passwords. C The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an alphabet of clicks. D To protect against these
46、sonic incursions, Dr. Tygar suggests a simple remedy: turn up the radio. E The major advance here is that it no longer requires hours of training the model in order to create a usable mapping of key sounds to letters. F And in contrast to many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requ
47、iring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer. G Thus schooled, the software could still identify only 80% of the characters in a different transcript of the same typist on the same machine.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It doesnt take an Einstein to reco
48、gnize that Albert Einsteins brain was very different from yours and mine. (46) The gray matter housed inside that shaggy head managed to revolutionize our concepts of time, space, motion-the very foundations of physical reality-not just once but several times during his astonishing career. Yet while
49、 there clearly had to be something remarkable about Einsteins brain, the pathologist who removed it from the great physicists skull after his death reported that the organ was, to all appearances, well within the normal range-no bigger or heavier than anyone elses. But a new analysis of Einsteins brain by Canadian scientists, reported in the current Lancet, reveals that it has some distinctive ph
