1、考研英语-试卷 224 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devis
2、ed the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1)_ people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linne“s hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2)_ the group originally had a second mem
3、ber, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered (3)_ hair. Modern (4)_ are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man“s lofty (5)_, and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6)_ Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)_ that chimps are humans
4、“ nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8)_, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)_ it is here that the (10)_ must origin
5、ate. One half of the puzzle has been (11)_ for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week“s Nature (12)_ the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13)_ answers to age-old questions (14)_, the p
6、ublication of the chimp genome may be something of an (15)_. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human (16)_ as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17)_ there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had alrea
7、dy been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes (18)_ by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analyssis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)_ any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (2
8、0)_.（分数：40.00）A.slotB.pledgeC.plotD.scrutinizeA.AndB.OrC.TherebyD.ButA.byB.throughoutC.withD.beyondA.demographersB.taxonomistsC.chronologistsD.psychologistsA.subjectB.dominionC.idealD.speciesA.asB.inC.amongD.withoutA.suspensionB.suspicionC.rotationD.doubtA.disintegratedB.distractedC.deletedD.disenta
9、ngledA.because ofB.thoughC.forD.whereasA.disputesB.differencesC.hunchesD.humanitiesA.ruthlessB.mediocreC.opaqueD.availableA.thatB.whereC.whichD.in thatA.instantB.instinctiveC.constantD.intuitiveA.tooB.eitherC.thoughD.alsoA.panaceaB.anticlimaxC.zenithD.momentumA.defectsB.meritsC.flawsD.attributesA.wh
10、ileB.onceC.whenD.as ifA.duplicatedB.dwarfedC.madeD.overlappedA.show upB.turn upC.resort toD.turn toA.himB.itC.themD.her二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
11、 or D._A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said. But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec, said mo
12、re research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body. The study at Finland“s Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in
13、 a laboratory, he said. “We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it, with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body“, Leszczynski said. Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which we
14、re published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaker/the brain“s protective shield against harmful substances. The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the
15、 functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said. The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the bloodbrain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and poin
16、ted to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable, he said. “Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrinknot the blood vessels but the cells themselvesand then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass“, he said. Leszczyns
17、ki declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result. “These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort“, he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a pos
18、sible link with Alzheimer“s disease. “Where the truth is I do not know“, he said. Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Leszczynski, how doe
19、s mobile phone affect one“s health?（分数：2.00）A.Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield more permeable.B.Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.C.Mobile phone radiation will bring str
20、ess to people exposed to it.D.Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.(2).What“s the result of the French study?（分数：2.00）A.The harm of mobile phone radiation is life-threatening.B.Mobile phone may affect one“s normal way of thinking.C.Sleep disorders could result from mobile phone
21、radiation.D.A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation.(3).What kind of disease could not be caused by the use of mobile phone?（分数：2.00）A.Fatigue.B.Headache.C.Alzheimer“s disease.D.Tuberculosis.(4).According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone?（分数：2.00
22、）A.People will be forbidden to use mobile phone.B.People dare not use mobile phone because of its radiation.C.People will continue to use mobile phone.D.There will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone.(5).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The research i
23、n Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect one“s brain.B.Mobile phone radiation can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cells.C.Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink.D.Lszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after his research.Ef
24、fective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organisation and ensures that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are do
25、ing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal communication
26、 should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subordinate and not imposed. However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because messages are p
27、assed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organisation. These include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example,
28、 anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employee“s appraisal, should be done face-to-face. One of the main problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is impossible f
29、or senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication. Like memos or notes, even if they
30、 know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages. The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and network system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial, systems can
31、 become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot afford all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realise that more comm
32、unication does not necessarily mean better communication. As the number of people involved in an organisation increase, the use of written communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can lead to a
33、 tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be rec
34、eived. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different. The amount of written information generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the way of making decisions. Take a l
35、ook at the average manager“s desk and you will see the problemit is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult with the
36、 changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming increasingly complex.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_.（分数：2.00）A.adapt the message to suit a particul
37、ar audienceB.make the content of message brief and directC.select the most suitable means of conveying a particular messageD.ensure that information is targeted at the appropriate group of people(2).What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior managers?（分数：2.00）A.Send
38、ing memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.B.It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.C.They should increase the range of options that they use.D.Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.(3).What advice is given about the commu
39、nication tools made available by technology?（分数：2.00）A.Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.B.Evaluate them in terms of the expenditure involved.C.Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.D.Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use.(4).According to th
40、e writer, a problem with written communication is that_.（分数：2.00）A.the message can be interpreted differently to what was intendedB.it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written messageC.most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communicationD.it is possible for corresponden
41、ce to get lost within a large organisation(5).According to the article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information?（分数：2.00）A.It is counter-productive.B.It causes conflict in a company.C.It leads to changes in work patterns.D.It makes the main points more difficult to ident
42、ify.Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, belief and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one
43、 culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as
44、a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer o
45、f ideas. They fall behind the western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two thin
46、gs are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion; either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backw
47、ard“ languages, while different from ours; are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or the person addressed,
48、 or remote from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：10.00）(1).The author uses quotation marks in “backward“ to indicate that_.（分数：2.00）A.backward languages are connected with backward groupsB.backward languages are connected with backward culturesC.backward languages are moving forwardD.there is no such thing as backward languages(2)
