1、考研英语-试卷 162及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the te
2、rms “stimulus“, “response“ and “reinforcement“ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The
3、teacher“s first action is called the (4)_. The pupil“s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcemen
4、t is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_ Some psychologists laid great (8)_ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respon
5、d. (10)_, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher“s questions are (11)_ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any. Educational psychologists are, (12)_, moving away from this simple, early (13)_ of the basic learning pr
6、ocess. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_ misunderstandings and
7、show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_ may have the effect of increasing the learner“s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_ grasped.（分数：40.00）A.wordsB.termsC.phrasesD.jargonsA.instanceB.analy
8、sisC.instructionD.adviceA.answersB.respondsC.retortsD.repliesA.incentiveB.responseC.stimulusD.reinforcementA.seen asB.regarded asC.thought asD.known asA.falseB.correctC.artificialD.trueA.wrongB.minusC.negativeD.unworkableA.emphasisB.focusC.concentrationD.attentionA.decidedB.discussedC.arguedD.debate
9、dA.Above allB.In a wordC.As a resultD.For exampleA.criticizedB.blamedC.omittedD.ignoredA.howeverB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.otherwiseA.approachB.methodC.modelD.wayA.simpleB.complexC.particularD.necessaryA.uniteB.consolidateC.reinforceD.associateA.muchB.seldomC.neverD.alsoA.clear upB.take upC.make upD.
10、set upA.responseB.reactionC.praiseD.feedbackA.inquiredB.acquiredC.requiredD.requestedA.absolutelyB.whollyC.partlyD.fully二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
11、C or D._The past 40 years have witnessed an extraordinary evolution. From slow expensive machines controlled by punched cards, computers have become low-cost, powerful units taking up no more space than a briefcase. Simultaneously, our world has become interlaced with telephone wires, optic fibers,
12、undersea cables, microwave links, television channels and satellite communications. At the crossing of these two developments stands the Interneta direct result of computer technology intersecting with communication technology. But for many in the world of today“s media, this is merely a first landm
13、ark in what promises to be a giant upheaval in the way people communicate, relax and work. This is the era of digital convergence. According to a recent article in Scientific American, convergence is in principle “the union of audio, video and data communications into a single source, received on a
14、single device, delivered by a single connection.“ Digital technology has already provided a medium for integrating media that until now required distinct channels of communication: we can now send emails using our televisions or text messages over mobile phones. Real-time video can be transmitted ov
15、er radio channels, while television and radio can be received on Personal Computers. Full digital convergence promises real-time access to information anywhere in the world, and global communication through text, graphics, video and audio. In fact, there seems to be no technological limit to what mi
16、ght be possible. “The reality of “anywhere, anytime“ access to broadband digital networks is going to make our lives freer and fuller,“ Gerald Levin, chief executive officer of AOL Time Warner, has promised. But technology alone cannot bring about such a world, as long as consumers and companies do
17、not embrace it, convergence is likely to go the way of several hyped-up predecessors. Over a decade ago, for example, virtual reality was the technology of the future, and many people anticipated a day where we would be wearing head-mounted displays and interacting with all manner of virtual environ
18、ments. At the time there was real concern about changes in industrial practices and social behavior brought about by this technology. So what happened to this vision? Well, we got it wrong. Currently, the home computer is the main interface to the Internet. But relatively few people in the world hav
19、e access to PCs, and few would argue that they are ideal for the purposethey can crash and freeze because they were not designed for widespread Internet use.（分数：10.00）(1).In this text the extraordinary evolution refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.the appearance of the smaller, low-cost and powerful computers.B.t
20、he interrelated telephone wires, optic fibers, undersea cables, microwave links.C.the popularity of TV channels and satellite communication.D.the fast development of computer and communication technology.(2).According to this text the Internet_.（分数：2.00）A.develops with the advance of computer techno
21、logy.B.combines computer technology and communication technology.C.brings great changes to today“s media.D.will give way to digital convergence.(3).The medium for integrating media is_.（分数：2.00）A.the Internet.B.the digital technology.C.the mobile phone.D.Personal Computer.(4).The word “convergence“(
22、in Para. 3) means_.（分数：2.00）A.revolution.B.communication.C.integration.D.transmission.(5).Full digital convergence depends on_.（分数：2.00）A.whether more people have access to PCs.B.the provision of more interfaces to the Internet.C.the improvement of the technology of virtual reality.D.whether the use
23、rs will accept the new technology or not.Linguists have been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children. The Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL) emerged in the late 1970
24、s, at a new school for deaf children. Initially the children were instructed by teachers who could hear. No one taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various points in its history, Dr. Senghas has shown how N
25、SL has become more sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an older signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters. Early users, too, did not develop a way of distinguishing left from right. Dr. Senghas showed this by aski
26、ng signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see. One signer had to pick a photograph and describe it. The other had to guess which photograph was being described. When all the photographs contained the same elements, merely arranged differently, older people,
27、who had learned the early form of the language, could neither signal which photo they meant, nor understand the signals of their younger partners. Nor could their younger partners teach them the signs that indicate left and right. The older people clearly understood the concept of left and right, th
28、ey just could not converse about it a result that bears on the vexing question of how much language merely reflects the way the brain thinks about the world, and how much it actually shapes such thinking. For a sign language to emerge spontaneously, though, deaf children must have some inherent tend
29、ency to tie gestures to meaning. Spoken language, of course, is frequently accompanied by gestures. But, as a young researcher, Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected that deaf children use gestures differently from those who can hear. In a 30-year-long project carried out on deaf children in America and Taiwa
30、n, whose parents can hear normally, she has shown that this is true. Even deaf children who have no deaf acquaintances use signs as words. The order the signs come in is important. It is also different from the order of words in either English or Chinese. But it is the same, for a given set of signs
31、 and meanings, in both America and Taiwan. Curiously enough, the signs produced by children in Spain and Turkey, whom Dr. Goldin-Meadow is also studying, while similar to each other, differ from those that American and Taiwanese children produce. Dr. Goldin-Meadow is not certain why that is. However
32、, the key commonality is that their spontaneously created languages resemble fully-formed languages.（分数：10.00）(1).The Nicaragua Sign Language is_.（分数：2.00）A.a non-verbal language created by deaf children.B.an artificial language used by people in Nicaragua.C.a language invented by teachers who teach
33、 the deaf.D.a language described and modified by deliberate linguists(2).The experiment with the photographs shows that_.（分数：2.00）A.none of them are clever enough to communicate freely.B.early signs fail to communicate certain ideas.C.the youngsters are better at describing the photographs.D.the eld
34、ers are better at locating the photographs.(3).It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.the way of thinking determines the way of expression.B.the way of expression determines the way of thinking.C.people are not sure about the relationship between language and thinking.D.people
35、 are unable to tell right from left due to brain problems.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Deaf children are born to tie gestures with meanings.B.Gestures used by the deaf and the normal are similar.C.No countries share similar gestures orders in sign language.D.NS
36、L is to some extent similar to spoken language.(5).What can be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Sign language and spoken language.B.The history of NSL.C.Findings about sign language.D.The origin of language.For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants.
37、As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there“s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the tradition
38、al disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical Diseases hospital when they come home
39、. But it is notoriously difficult to get everybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy. Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial intereststhe vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitabl
40、e injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers“ diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS consultant finds it difficult to define travelers“ health,“ says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical
41、 medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It“s a grey Tropical Diseases in London area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,“ he says. To compou
42、nd its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don“t know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went,
43、what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives. A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medicine will emerge as a credib
44、le discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.“ Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody“s guess, but it coul
45、d easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than fl million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don“t work and so give people a false sense of security. “Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,“ he says
46、.（分数：10.00）(1).Travel medicine in Britain is_.（分数：2.00）A.not something anyone wants to run.B.the responsibility of the government.C.administered by private doctors.D.handled adequately by travel agents.(2).One big obstacle to the development of travel medicine is_.（分数：2.00）A.there“s an identity prob
47、lem.B.it involves knowledge of many traditional disciplines.C.nobody, either the government or individuals, is willing to pay for the service.D.the information of how to avoid, tropical diseases are of little use for those travel to Antarctica.(3).The main interest of travel agencies dealing with tr
48、avel medicine is to（分数：2.00）A.prevent people from falling in.B.make money out of it.C.give advice on specific countries.D.get the government to pay for it.(4).In Behren“s opinion the question of who should run travel medicine（分数：2.00）A.is for the government to decide.B.should be left to specialist hospitals.C.can be left to travel companies.D.has no clear and simple answer.(5).People will only think better of travel medicine if_.（分数：2.00）A.it is given more resources
