1、考研英语-试卷 245及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in man
2、y miscarriages of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as (1)_ as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the (2)_ of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence. The Law Commission recently published an educ
3、ational paper, “Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness (3)_“, as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held (4)_ about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is (5)_ change, it should not be underestimated. In c
4、ourt witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and juries (6)_ its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any person“s recall must be assessed (7)_. Both common sense and research say memory (8)_ over time. The accuracy of recall and reco
5、gnition are (9)_ their best immediately (10)_ encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere (11)_ the original memory, which reduces (12)_. The paper says (13)_ interviews or
6、media reports can create such (14)_. “People are particularly susceptible to having their memories (15)_ when the passage of time allows the original memory to (16)_, and will be most susceptible if they repeat the (17)_ as fact.“ Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then (18)_ it
7、to produce something (19)_ than what was experienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, “Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are (20)_ false.“（分数：40.00）A.trustfulB.reliableC.innocentD.considera
8、bleA.rateB.degreeC.extentD.scaleA.ManifestationB.DeclarationC.PresentationD.TestimonyA.perceptionsB.acceptancesC.permissionsD.receptionsA.subject toB.liable forC.incapable ofD.attributable toA.assessB.appreciateC.calculateD.speculateA.interactivelyB.comparativelyC.horizontallyD.individuallyA.descend
9、sB.declinesC.inclinesD.degradesA.atB.inC.onD.uponA.beforeB.afterC.whenD.untilA.withB.inC.atD.onA.appropriacyB.accuracyC.originalityD.justiceA.consequentB.successiveC.subsequentD.precedingA.distortionsB.deformationsC.malfunctionsD.malformationsA.alteredB.transformedC.convertedD.modifiedA.fadeB.dimini
10、shC.lessenD.dwellA.misinformationB.mistreatmentC.misguidanceD.misjudgementA.associateB.connectC.linkD.integrateA.otherB.ratherC.moreD.lessA.invariablyB.constantlyC.justifiablyD.verifiably二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following
11、four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind bar
12、riers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has contained three element
13、s= basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are consideration for weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptian
14、s the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents“ presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such
15、 ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties of other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use,
16、 etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After t
17、he fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private lift in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The loads had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew u
18、p, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence l
19、iterature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.（分数：10.00）(1).In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, the ruling families（分数：2.00）A.tried to destroy the lower and middle classes using etiquette.B.discrim
20、inated against the lower class using etiquette.C.tried to teach etiquette to the lower and middle classes.D.put the middle and working classes into fenced enclosures.(2).Every code of etiquette has contained three elements.（分数：2.00）A.practical rules, optional moral duties and formal compliments.B.ru
21、les, regulations and requirements.C.optional moral duties, optional practical rules and artificial graces.D.formal compliments, basic moral duties and practical rule.(3).The custom of young men bowing to show respect when passing the dwellings of their elders was cited as a characteristic of（分数：2.00
22、）A.the ancient Egyptians.B.parts of Tanzania.C.England about a century ago.D.all societies.(4).Etiquette cultivated as art of gracious living（分数：2.00）A.has been typical of rich and leisured societies.B.advocates that women are the same as men.C.began in nineteenth-century Provence.D.looks down on ex
23、tremely refined behaviour.(5).The ideals of chivalry demanded that（分数：2.00）A.a knight should never have physical relationship with women.B.a knight should inspire his lady to valiant deeds.C.a knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a woman.D.romantic people should influence literature.Once free
24、 of Etruscan domination, the Romans developed a Republican form of government which lasted until the first century BC, and provided important continuity for Roman institutions. The motto “S.P.Q.R.“Senatus Populusgue Romanus, “The Roman Senate and People“ reflected the philosophy of the early Roman p
25、olitical and social order and remained the watchword of Roman society until Imperial times. It meant that sovereignty rested in the people themselves, and not in any particular governmental form. Yet in many ways the Roman Republic functioned as a democracy. Decisions affecting society were made at
26、a series of assemblies which all citizens attended to express their will. The Senate, on the other hand, conducted the business of government including the passage of legislation and the supervision of elected magistrates. Over the centuries the greatest issues affecting Roman society were played ou
27、t as dramas created by tensions between people and Senate. The Senate itself was a hereditary institution comprising an assembly of heads, patres of old patrician families and later wealthy members of the citizenry-plebs. The three hundred members therefore represented old and new money, power, and
28、social interest. It was a self-renewing oligarchy. The two most important officers who ruled the state were the consuls, elected by the representative assemblies for one-year terms, at the end of which they became members of the Senate. In Rome the rich ruled via the Senate. The general citizenry we
29、re little more than peasants. By the third century BC the division between aristocrat and peasant had widened appreciably-the former growing in riches and the latter sinking further and further into poverty. Yet the constitutional framework of the Republic held the small Roman social order together,
30、 warding off revolution, permitting change, and providing the body politic with reasonably well-trained leaders who knew how, above all else, to keep the Republic functioning and alive. It was, in fact, the internal stability of the Republic which made expansion possible, bringing about the next pha
31、se of Roman history. Roman expansion was based on military conquest. Very little commerce and industry existed in Rome, unlike Athens, and the quality of life in Rome came to depend directly upon the wealth of conquered regions brought back to Rome as spoils of military victory. By the middle of the
32、 second century BC Rome had conquered Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Asia Minor, and had thus assumed a position of political dominance in the Hellenistic world. The internationalization of culture, evident in Hellenic times, increased further under the Romans. Later, Rome would extend its
33、control throughout Europe and eventually to the British Isles.（分数：10.00）(1).What kind of social form immediately followed the Roman Republic Age?（分数：2.00）A.feudalismB.Etruscan dominationC.socialismD.impericalism(2).What does “S.P.Q.R.“ suggest according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.It suggests that The Ro
34、man Senate was elected by the people and governed the people.B.It suggests that The Roman Senate was the highest authority.C.It suggests that it was the people, not government, who held the power and right of the country.D.It suggest that the Roman Republic functioned a democracy the same as America
35、.(3).What does the word “patrician“ mean in the second sentence of the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.PatronB.SupporterC.GovernmentalD.Aristocrat(4).Which of the following hold the most important position in the Senate?（分数：2.00）A.ConsulsB.PlebsC.PeopleD.Patres(5).In the last paragraph, Roman expansion
36、was described vividly, what is the base of the expasion?（分数：2.00）A.Military conquestB.Superior military strategyC.The scientific structure of the societyD.Advanced cultureIt is because of his plays that Shakespeare is now considered the greatest English writer in history. The era in which he lived,
37、Elizabethan England, was a time in which broad interests and creativity could flourish. Elizabeth, the queen, was beloved by her subjects and proved to be a powerful and able ruler. Under the reign of Elizabeth, England changed from an island kingdom to an expanding empire. England grew rich through
38、 trade. Sixteenth-century Englishmen traveled to the New World and to Africa. Music, dance, poetry, painting, and architecture flourished; but the art form in which Elizabethan England distinguished the rest of Europe was the theater. The theater, which had practically disappeared from Europe was, a
39、t this time, received as a part of the church service. Later, no longer as a part of the service, the“ mystery plays“ responded to popular taste by adding more and more comic elements. In England, they were sponsored by various trade guilds and presented on stage wagons that went from place to place
40、. When the mystery plays began to lose their appeal, they were replaced by “morality“ plays which always taught a moral. In Renaissance England, writers were particularly interested in classical texts such as Latin and Greek plays. Schools and universities began to produce comedies and tragedies by
41、Platus, Terence, and Seneca. Shakespeare was well acquainted with classical humanities and classical tragedies and comedies often served as models in his own drama. A Renaissance man, Shakespeare“s interest went beyond book learning to practical knowledge of military strategy, seafaring, business af
42、fairs, and the new geographical discoveries, all evident in his plays. Companies of strolling plays which had specialized in morality plays responded to the change by staging new plays. Professional actors, who had been viewed by English society as little better than vagrants or criminals, gradually
43、 came under the protection of the nobility. Licensed theater companies were formed; Shakespeare belonged to one of those, where in addition to his writing, he acquired a wide experience in acting and theater management. The theater grew in popularity and public theaters were built, not inside the ci
44、ty limits but just outside, along with other places of entertainment. Theaters in Elizabethan England were patronized by all social classes. The Globe Theater, built in 1599, where many of Shakespeare“s plays were performed, had a platform stage jutting out into a central courtyard. The audience sta
45、y around three sides of this platform the lower-class who each paid a penny in the pit and the wealthier spectators in the galleries above. The orchestra was on stage, as music was usually a significant part of the production. Indeed, the costumes, scenery, singing, playing, and dancing, as well as
46、acting was essential to the total show. There was no lighting, however, plays were performed in the afternoon. Shakespeare knew his audience: his theater is addressed not just to the educated but to all classes of society.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is not true about the Elizabethan England
47、?（分数：2.00）A.Broad interests and creativity flourished.B.English people began to travel to the Continent.C.The theater was the most prominent art form.D.England was no longer an island kingdom.(2).According to the text,the theater（分数：2.00）A.first appeared in England.B.follows two classical rules.C.we
48、re only sponsored by the nobility.D.had various types.(3).Which of the following statements may not be the reason for Shakespeare“s success?（分数：2.00）A.He lived in the Elizabethan Age.B.He was quite wealthy.C.He had broad interest.D.He was experienced in acting and theater management.(4).The underlined word “patronized“ in the last paragraph means（分数：2.00）A.enjoyed.B.encouraged.C.sponsored.D.promoted.(5).Shakespeare“s plays were（分数：2.00）A.enjoyable to all the classes of society.B.performed all day long.C.presented on stage wagons.D.the copies of t
