1、考研英语 720 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are
2、needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- thei
3、r elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. However
4、, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They ar
5、e needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- th
6、eir elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. Howev
7、er, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.（分数：1.00）A.eitherB.soC.norD.never二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict th
8、e tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The id
9、ea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive proper
10、ty as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed.
11、It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from an
12、d how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful
13、 out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownersh
14、ip) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of
15、the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that what is produce
16、d is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim stick. （分数：1.0
17、0）(1).According to the text, the concept of ownership probably（分数：0.20）A.resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.B.stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.C.arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.D.originated from the undetected distant periods.(2). The author deems private ownersh
18、ip to be（分数：0.20）A.a necessary invention of mankind.B.an inherent right of a human being.C.a permanent arrangement for society.D.an explicit idea of some individuals.(3).Private ownership of property is finally described as（分数：0.20）A.a production of early mans manual work.B.a demand for greater prod
19、uctivity in industry.C.varying with the shift in public approval.D.denied by socialized production and exchange.(4). We learn by inference that private property may（分数：0.20）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powers.B.be treated as a discovery of our ancestors.C.serve as the universal rule of trans
20、actions.D.function as the basis of market economy.(5).One deserves to claim on some product only when（分数：0.20）A.his labor accounts for the product and its value.B.he has the priority to lay claim on the product.C.his labor is widely recognized and respected.D.he has the grounds for making claims fir
21、st.Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanitie
22、s has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience“ in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross
23、, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“ The Flight from Science and Reason,“ held in New York Cit
24、y in 1995,and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information, “which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan i
25、s more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last re
26、maining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological Utopia. But surely that does not mean environment
27、alists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News that every new individual sets a new problem ;that he calls for at least a somewhat different emphasis in subject-matter presented. There is nothing more blindly stupid than the convention which supposes th
28、at the matter actually contained in textbooks of arithmetic, history, geography, etc. , is just what will further the educational development of all children. But withdrawal from the hard and fast and narrow contents of the old curriculum is only the negative side of the matter. If we do not go far
29、in the positive direction of providing a body of subject-matter much richer, more varied and flexible, and also in truth more definite, judged in terms of the experience of those being educated, than traditional education supplied, we shall tend to leave an educational vacuum in which anything may h
30、appen. Complete isolation is impossible in nature. The young live in some environment whether we intend it or not , and this environment is constantly interacting with what children and youth bring to it. and the result is the shaping of their interests, minds and charactereither educatively or mis-
31、educatively. If the professed educator gives up his responsibility for judging and selecting the kind of environment that his best understanding leads him to think will be contributive to growth, then the young are left at the mercy of all the unorganized and casual forces of the modern social envir
32、onment that inevitably play upon them as long as they live. In the educative environment the knowledge , judgment and experience of the teacher is a greater, not a smaller factor, than it is in the traditional school. The difference is that the teacher operates not as a judge set on high and marked
33、by arbitrary authority but as a friendly co-partner and guide in a common enterprise. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the basic fault of old education consists in（分数：0.20）A.the inadequate supply of specific subject-matters.B.the poor imaginative capacities of educators.C.providing inflexible educa
34、tional conditions.D.making pupils read textbooks with stale contents.(2).The author agitates reforms chiefly in the（分数：0.20）A.old subject-matter to follow technological advances.B.stiff teaching materials and teaching methods.C.prescribed textbooks and unchanging systems.D.general consent about mult
35、ipurpose texbooks.(3). Pupils may be well guarded against iii social influences as long as（分数：0.20）A.educators discard their liability for the being-educated.B.teachers have sound judgment to make the right choice.C.instructors help establish conditions favorable to pupils growth.D.schoolmasters fun
36、ction as equal co-operators in a joint business.(4). It seems that new educationalists favor（分数：0.20）A.teaching pupils according to each ones talent.B.introducing the latest information to the youth.C.rendering instruction close to pupils experiencesD.supplementing all textbooks with fresh materials
37、.(5).There will be the risk of forming an educational blank if（分数：0.20）A.the rigid school curricula are thoroughly transformed.B.the negative effect of old education is only partly recognized.C.the traditional subject-matter totally substitutes for new one.D.the replacement of unvarying courses with
38、 flexible ones fails.To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle cou
39、ld have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liabl
40、e. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that
41、you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction.
42、 The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies.
43、For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitatio
44、ns of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries m
45、ost people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have somet
46、imes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. （分数：1.00）(1).The author intends to tell us that（分数：0.20）A.human beings
47、, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.B.people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.C.it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.D.foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.(2).The example of Aristotle i
48、s used to indicate that（分数：0.20）A.observation hinders people from any mistakes.B.great men advance false arguments occasionally.C.primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.D.realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.(3).Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors（分数：0.20）A.when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.B.if they refute their opponents opinions in a fairly reasonable way.C.unl
