1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 108 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Summer was, for a while, a child“s time, conferring
2、 an inviolate right to laziness. It was a form of education that had nothing to do with adult priorities, providing entire afternoons to watch exactly how many ants would dash out of one hill and what they would bring back. The holiness of that kind of summer was first diminished by necessity, when
3、overcrowded classrooms brought us theyear-round school calendar. Next, the battle against social promotion forced many an indifferent student into summer schoolwhile the hard-charging students willingly packed into summer school as well, to get a leg up on the coming year. Then, as though the world
4、of achievement had some sort of legitimate claim on summer, even schools that maintained the old-fashioned schedule began reaching their tentacles into summer. Some school districts start the traditional school year in August, the better to squeeze in a couple of more weeks of instruction before the
5、 all-important state standardized tests given in spring. Worse, what used to be recommended summer reading lists are now becoming compulsory assignments. And woe to the ambitious student who“s signed up for Advanced Placement classes, and thus a summer-load of note taking and homework. It“s not just
6、 the schools. As a society, we grow itchy at the sight of someoneeven a kid-accomplishing nothing more than fun. Thus parents have become suckers for anything that lends a constructive air to summer. Summer camps used to exist for the purpose of marshmallow roasts and putting frogs in your bunkmates
7、“ beds. Those still exist, but they compete mightily with the new campsthe ones for improving a child“s writing style, building math skills, honing soccer stardom, learning a foreign language, building dance talents or finessing skills playing a musical instrument. Even many colleges and universitie
8、s, such as Johns Hopkins, have climbed on board, mailing out silky brochures about their expensive summer programs for supposedly gifted, or at least financially gifted, students. None of this activity is required, of course. Unluckily, other societal changes also have pushed back at summer. Childre
9、n can“t get together a pickup game of kickball when their streets are the turf of gangs. And without a shove out the door, today“s youngsters are more likely to spend a day clicking away at video games than swinging in a hammock. Still, it is a decision, however unconsciously made, to view summertim
10、e as a commodity to be prudently invested, rather than as a gift to be lavishly spent. There is only one sort of skill we are afraid to nurture in our kidsthe ability to do nothing more constructive than make a blade of crabgrass, pressed between our thumbs and blown, blast a reedy note into the sum
11、mer air.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we learn that（分数：2.00）A.summer was always a great time for laziness and freedom.B.summer time was gradually crammed with various courses.C.summer education was especially important for A-list students.D.summer class was proved to be more helpful to dis
12、advantaged students.(2).Schools considered using summer time most probably because they（分数：2.00）A.wanted to help students to make full use of the school calendar.B.disbelieved that their students would actively do summer homework.C.would like to encourage more students to take Advanced Placement tes
13、ts.D.thought achievements had something to do with efforts in summertime.(3).The word “itchy“ (Line 1, Paragraph 3) denotes（分数：2.00）A.comfortless.B.eager.C.critical.D.impulsive.(4).In the author“s eye, new camps can be best characterized as（分数：2.00）A.artistic.B.exciting.C.practical.D.comforting.(5).
14、From the text we can conclude that the author considers that summertime should be（分数：2.00）A.a satisfying investment.B.a precious present.C.a remarkable experience.D.a well-planned journey.Athletes who cheat by injecting themselves with stored supplies of their own blood might soon be caught out. A r
15、evealing trail of debris could give the game away. Most “blood dopers“cheat by injecting themselves with the blood-boosting hormone erythropoietin (EPO),but there have been tests todetect EPOsince 2000. Another way to dope blood is to periodically extract some of your own, store it and re-inject it
16、before competitions. Some professional cyclists are alleged to have done this as part of a doping scandal that emerged in Spain in 2006, called Operacion Puerto. At least one cyclist is still fighting to clear his name. Re-injecting stored blood boosts the oxygen supply to muscles. The practice has
17、so far eluded detection but now there might be a way catch out the cheats. During storage, red blood cells start to fall apart, generating debris such as the fragments of cell membranes (a cell membrane is the outside envelop of a living cell). Olaf Schumacher of the University of Freiburg in German
18、y and his colleagues have shown that when stored blood is re-injected, the recipient“s white blood cells prepare to get rid of this sudden tide of debris. They say that these changes on blood cell “debris“ could betray sportsmen and make cheats detectable. “It“s like someone dumping rubbish in your
19、blood,“ he says. “When all the rubbish comes at once, there“s lots of activity.“ Schumacher“s team took blood from six non-athletes, stored it for 35 days then re-infused it, taking further blood samples three and four days afterwards. When they analyzed the white blood cells in these samples, genes
20、 needed for identifying and disposing of ailing and damaged cells were much more active than usual. The gene changes led to the appearance of new proteins on the surface of the white blood cells which could potentially be picked up by antibodies, Schumacher says. He also suggests that antibodies cou
21、ld be created to detect the changes to the surface of red blood cells as well. Schumacher couldn“t say whether such tests would be ready in time for the 2012 Olympics in London. David Cowan, director of the UK Drug Control Centre at King“s College London, says: “The paper is promising, but more work
22、 is needed to establish a test that meets the rigorous standards required by sport so as not to falsely accuse an athlete.“ Schumacher says that one key goal is to make sure these changes only occur due to doping, rather than illness, for example.（分数：10.00）(1).The sentence “A revealing trail of debr
23、is could give the game away“ (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 1) shows that（分数：2.00）A.the athletes who cheat will lose the game because of a trail of debris.B.the athletes who cheat have to give up the game because of a trail of debris.C.a trail of debris will help catch out the athletes who cheat.D.a trail of
24、 debris will help the athletes avoid the game.(2).Which kind of “blood dopers“ is least likely to be detected in the past?（分数：2.00）A.People who inject themselves with EPO.B.People who extract and re-inject some of their own blood.C.People who took part in cycling competition in Spain in 2006.D.Peopl
25、e who are careful enough to avoid detection.(3).According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the debris?（分数：2.00）A.The white blood cells are ready to get rid of it all the time.B.It is the product of red blood cells during blood storage.C.It could help sports cheats avoid detection
26、.D.It is fragments of cell membranes.(4).What do we learn about this test from David Cowan“s comment?（分数：2.00）A.The test is promising and could be adopted right away.B.The test is far from meeting the rigorous standards required by sport.C.The test needs to be improved in the hope of not wronging an
27、 athlete.D.The 2012 Olympics in London will adopt such anti-doping test.(5).What would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Blood Cell “Debris“ could Snare Sports CheatsB.A New Type of Blood DopingC.Several Measures Taken to Detect Blood DopersD.Antibodies are Created to Detect Blood DopersIf t
28、hey were just another product, the market would work its usual magic: supply would respond to high prices and rise to meet surging demand. But human kidneys are no ordinary commodity. Trading them is banned in most countries. So supply depends largely on the charity of individuals. Unsurprisingly, w
29、ith altruism the only incentive, not enough people offer. Kidneys are the subject of a quietly growing global drama. As people in the rich world live longer and grow fatter, queues for kidneys are lengthening fast: at a rate of 7% a year in America, for example, where last year 4,039 people died wai
30、ting. Doctors are allowing older and more sluggish kidneys to be transplanted. Ailing, rich patients are buying kidneys from the poor and desperate in burgeoning black markets. In the face of all this, most countries are sticking with the worst of all policy options. Governments place the burden on
31、their citizens to volunteer organs. A few European countries, including Spain, manage to push up supply a bit by presuming citizens“ consent to having their organs transplanted when they die unless they specify otherwise. Whether or not such presumed consent is morally right, it does not solve the s
32、upply problem, in Spain or elsewhere. On the other hand, if just 0.06% of healthy Americans aged between 19 and 65 parted with one kidney, the country would have no waiting list. The way to encourage this is to legalize the sale of kidneys. That“s what Iran has done. An officially approved patients“
33、 organization oversees the transactions. Donors get $2,000-4,000. The waiting list has been eliminated. Many people will find the very idea of individuals selling their organs repulsive. Yet an organ market, in body parts of deceased people, already exists. Companies make millions out of it. It seem
34、s perverse, then, to exclude individuals. With proper regulation, a kidney market would be a big improvement on the current, sorry state of affairs. Sellers could be checked for disease and drug use, and cared for after operations. They could, for instance, receive health insurance as part of their
35、paymentwhich would be cheap because properly screened donors appear to live longer than the average Joe with two kidneys. Buyers would get better kidneys, faster. Both sellers and buyers would do better than in the illegal market, where much of the money goes to the middleman. Instinct often trumps
36、logic. Sometimes that“s right. But in this case, the instinct that selling bits of oneself is wrong leads to many premature deaths and much suffering. The logical answer, in this case, is the humane one.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did the market fail to work its usual magic on human kidneys?（分数：2.00）A.The the
37、ory of demand and supply is not applicable here.B.Supply did not respond to high prices or meet fast growing demand.C.Supply of human kidneys depends on charity rather than market.D.Human kidneys are not such ordinary goods as shoes, clothes, etc.(2).The word “burgeoning“ (line 4, Paragraph 2) is cl
38、osest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.competitive.B.overriding.C.growing.D.potential.(3).According to the author, policies adopted by most countries are bad in that（分数：2.00）A.they actually force citizens to donate organs.B.the presumed consent is not morally right.C.they fail to increase supply to an expect
39、ed level.D.people donate organs because it is voluntary.(4).What can be concluded from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Legalization of the kidney sales is beneficial to both the sellers and buyers.B.More regulations are necessary to improve the current sorry state of affairs.C.Kidney sales are in the
40、buyers“ favor because sellers gain less but lose more.D.We should not let instinct trump logic, especially in life-and-death situations.(5).We can learn from the text that the author believes（分数：2.00）A.America will be the first country to solve the supply problem of human kidneys.B.governments shoul
41、d make organ donations a compulsory act instead of a voluntary one.C.it makes sense to stop individuals from selling organs because the idea is very repulsive.D.the supply problem of human kidneys can be resolved with appropriate regulation.Birth, growth, decline, death: it is the usual cycle for pe
42、ople, companies and industries. But the story of violin-making in Cremona in northern Italy, which flourished under such master craftsmen as Andrea Amati, Giuseppe Guarneri and Antonio Stradivari from the mid-16th century to the early 18th, suggests that, for industries at least, there may be life a
43、fter death. Violin-making in Cremona struggled through the 19th century in the hands of a few carpenters who turned out low-quality instruments. By the 1950s it had died out, says Gio Batta Morassi, a 73-year-old maestro liutaio (master violin-maker). Yet today, in workshops overlooking the city“s c
44、obbled streets, more than 100 craftsmen cut and plane maple and spruce to make string instrumentsmore than in any other European city. Cremona is once again the capital of hand-crafted instruments. A new school to train craftsmen in instrument-making opened in Cremona in 1938, though when Mr. Morass
45、i began his studies in 1950 there were just six students on the course, of whom only one other went on to make instruments. But this slight revival was sustained by a growing interest in Baroque music in northern Europe in the 1960s and 1970s, says Hildegard Dodel, a German who studied at the school
46、. It created new demand for instruments made in the traditional Cremonese style. Today Italians are a minority among the school“s 150 students; 30 are South Korean, 26 are Japanese, six are from China and three from Taiwan. Some will set up shop in the city: Ms Dodel worked for about ten years resto
47、ring and repairing instruments in Germany and the Netherlands before returning to open her own workshop in Cremona in 2003. Instrument-making is not an easy life. “I often thought of giving up,“ says Francesco Toto, who moved to Cremona 17 years ago and specializes in making cellos. Wood is expensiv
48、e, must be seasoned properly and is at risk from woodworm; the maple for a cello costs around 1,500, for example. Mr. Toto was able to raise his prices after winning a competition, but to maintain quality he makes just four instruments a year. Violin-makers can produce perhaps seven top-quality inst
49、ruments a year. (Cellos made by Cremona“s craftsmen typically cost 15,000-35,000, and violins 8,000-20,000.) Having come back from the dead, Cremona“s instrument-makers, like many others in Italian industries, hope that an emphasis on quality, tradition and craftsmanship will keep cheaper foreign rivals at bay.（分数：10.00）(1).The story of violin-making in Cremona implies the industry（分数：2.00）A.may undergo reviva
