1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 108 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank (1)_ a new electronic market ( for economic indices that (2)_ substantial economi
2、c risks, such as nonfarm payroll (a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a (3)_ trading technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, (4)_ the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is “digital“ (5)_ of
3、a digital option: i.e., it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each “horse“ wins if and (6)_ the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possible (7)_ of the index, and allowing p
4、eople to bet (8)_ any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices.Ten years ago it was (9)_ impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation
5、models that allow them to estimate values and to (10)_ the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of (11)_ have improved risk-management characteristics.We are also beginning to see new kinds of (12)_ for homes, which will make it possible to protect th
6、e value of (13)_, for most people, is the single most important (14)_ of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, (15)_ last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York State, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that (16)_ sophisticated economic
7、 indices of house prices to define the (17)_ of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now (18)_ developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks
8、that they acquire by writing these policies.These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they (19)_ as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that (20)_ will beset us in coming years.（A）created（B） generated（C） initiated（D）ori
9、ginated（A）reproduce（B） restore（C） represent（D）resume（A）sophisticated（B） expensive（C） available（D）established（A）made（B） called（C） asked（D）read（A）in the course（B） in the event（C） in the light（D）in the sense（A）when（B） until（C） now that（D）only if（A）extent（B） range（C） line（D）area（A）for（B） in（C） on（D）up（A
10、）virtually（B） admittedly（C） absolutely（D）originally（A）assume（B） assess（C） dismiss（D）erase（A）them（B） which（C） that（D）whom（A）management（B） insurance（C） security（D）techonology（A）what（B） those（C） where（D）it（A）guarantee（B） protection（C） component（D）source（A）secured（B） sponsored（C） released（D）launched（A）l
11、ook to（B） set up（C） lay down（D）rely on（A）terms（B） specifications（C） concepts（D）consequences（A）is（B） being（C） been（D）are（A）emerge（B） appear（C） stand（D）arise（A）somehow（B） anyway（C） otherwise（D）therebyGrammar21 The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts_.（A）
12、are producing（B） are produced（C） produced（D）being produced22 Not until the game had begun_at the sports ground.（A）should he have arrived（B） had he arrived（C） did he arrive（D）would he had arrived23 Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, _is the experienced writer in the handlin
13、g of his words.（A）so（B） as（C） thus（D）equally24 Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?（A）by which（B） that（C） in where（D）where25 They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _ is something we had n
14、ot expected.（A）which（B） it（C） that（D）what26 Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained_.（A）to be shown（B） to have been shown（C） to have shown（D）being shown27 The box is_.（A）too heavy that I cannot lift it（B） t
15、oo heavy for me to lift（C） so heavy for me to lift（D）too heavy for lifting28 He showed great interest in my field of work. He asked me_fresh developments.（A）informing him of（B） to inform him（C） to keep him informed of（D）keeping him informed of29 He is a brilliant scholar and is everywhere recognized
16、_.（A）as it（B） being such（C） as such（D）being true30 It is imperative that the government_more investment into the shipbuilding industry.（A）attracts（B） shall attract（C） attract（D）has to attractPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or
17、D. (40 points)30 Marketing PlanOne of the most powerful strategic planning tools a business can possess is a marketing plan. Here is not referring to an academic exercise found in college marketing textbooks. Your marketing plan should be a simple (in some cases, one-page) document that specifically
18、 answers who you are, what you do, who needs what you do and how you plan to attract their attention. Its a combination of the planning process and the completed action plan.Follow these seven simple steps to build the perfect marketing plan:Step 1: Narrow your market focus. Try to describe your ide
19、al customer in the narrowest and most detailed terms possible, as though youre describing him or her to a referral(呈交) source.Step 2: Position your business. Figure out what you do best and what your target market wants. Maybe its how you serve a nich (服务群) or package your products. If you dont know
20、 what it is, call up three or four of your clients and ask them why they buy from you. Craft a core marketing message that allows you to quickly differentiate your business.Step 3: Create education-based marketing materials. Recreate all your marketing materials, including your website, to focus on
21、education. Make certain every word in your marketing materials speaks of your core messages and to your target market.Step 4: Never cold call. Make sure all your advertising is geared toward creating prospects, not customers. You must find ways to educate before you sell. Your target market needs to
22、 learn how you provide value in a way that makes them want to pay a premium for your services or products. You simply cant do this in a 3-inch-by-4-inch ad. Your ad must get viewers to ask for more information. Then you can proceed to selling. Determine all the ways you can get your education-based
23、messages in front of your narrowly defined target market.Step 5: Earn media attention. Create a list of journalists who cover your industry or community, and build relationships with each by becoming a reliable resource of information. Plan out an entire year of new items you can promote by season o
24、r event.Step 6: Expect referrals. Create a referral marketing engine that systematically turns each client and referral network into a kind of unpaid sales pro. You must instill a referral marketing mind-set into your businesss culture. Do this by making every customer a marketing and referral conta
25、ct. Map every contact and build processes that focus on referrals.Step 7: Live by a calendar. After you complete steps 1 through 6. determine what you need to do to put them into action. Then create an annual marketing calendar, noting the required monthly, weekly and daily appointments necessary to
26、 move your plan forward.31 What should a good marketing plan be like, according to the passage?（A）It is an academic and complex document.（B） It should follow the college marketing textbook.（C） its all about the ways to attract your target market.（D）It should include planning process and the complete
27、d action plan.32 How can you position your business?（A）Make a cold call to know about what your clients need.（B） Make use of your advantages and find out what your clients need.（C） Follow other successful companies plan and try to learn something from them.（D）Instill the strong points of your produc
28、ts into your clients mind.33 Which of the following is TRUE about the education-based marketing?（A）You take on the role of a salesperson and deliver a sales message to your target market.（B） You take on the role of a consultant and tell clients about their problems and the solutions you can provide.
29、（C） You need to provide them with good education opportunities if the clients decide to buy your products.（D）You must make sure that the education-based marketing materials must come from marketing text books.34 What is the function of your business advertisement?（A）To tell the viewers everything ab
30、out your products in order to attract them to buy them.（B） To tell the viewers how to pay for the services and products.（C） To tell the viewers something about your products in order to encourage their curiosity.（D）To encourage the viewers to buy your products as much as possible.35 Which of the fol
31、lowing statements is TRUE according to the passage?（A）A successful businessman should turn every client into a referral contact.（B） A businessman should pay nothing for client and referral network.（C） A successful businessman should pay more attention to step 7 than step 16.（D）A businessman should r
32、ealize journalists are not as important as clients in advertising.36 People, like most animals, are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely
33、on rain to water their crops work significantly harder, and lead unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation, at first sight so harmful to its practitioners that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed
34、 the priests, scholars, artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as “civilization“.In the past 10,000 years, the worlds climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these, known as the Younger Dryas, after a tundra-loving plant that thrived
35、 during it, occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this was not a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the Younger Dryas adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agricultu
36、re to spread once some bright spark invented it.Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is, however, far from clear. But Harvey Weiss, of Yale University, thinks he knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool, dry period, some 8,200 years ago. His analys
37、is of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agricultures upper-Mesopotamian heartland would, at this time, have fallen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.Once again, an innovative
38、spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates, near sea level, could be diverted using canals and used to water crops. And the rest, as the clich has it, is history.So climate change helped to intensify ag
39、riculture, and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case, the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew
40、there were cleared, the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover, one form of farmingthe cultivation of rice in waterlogged fieldsgenerates methane, in large quantities. William Ruddiman, of the University of Virginia, explained that, in combination, these two phe
41、nomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe, mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.36 The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to（A）alleviate farmers workload.
42、（B） increase agricultural production.（C） make planting much easier.（D）get rid of human laziness.37 According to Dr. Weiss, the second cool and dry period eventually（A）changed the growing season.（B） spurred the use of canals.（C） forced the farmers to desert agriculture.（D）led to declining populations
43、.38 From the first four paragraphs, we can infer that the dawn of civilization（A）was accompanied by hardships of human existence.（B） is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.（C） can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.（D）was recorded by history books ending at that time.39 Which of fol
44、lowing tends to warm the climate?（A）To develop the irrigation system.（B） To promote organic agriculture.（C） To revert to hunting and gathering.（D）To turn farmland back into forest.40 The passage is mainly about（A）the relationship between climate change and civilization.（B） the history of global clim
45、ate change.（C） the interaction between nature and human society.（D）the impact of the spread of agriculture:41 Michael Porter, who has made his name throughout the business community by advocating his theories of competitive advantages, is now swimming into even more shark-infested waters, arguing th
46、at competition can save even Americas troubled health-care system, the largest in the world. Mr. Porter argues in “Redefining Health Care“ that competition, if properly applied, can also fix what ails this sector.That is a bold claim, given the horrible state of Americas health-care system. Just con
47、sider a few of its failings: America pays more per capita for health care than most countries, but it still has some 45m citizens with no health insurance at all. While a few receive outstanding treatment, he shows in heart-wrenching detail that most do not. The system, wastes huge resources on pape
48、rwork, ignores preventive care and, above all, has perverse incentives that encourage shifting costs rather than cutting them outright. He concludes that it is “on a dangerous path, with a toxic combination of high costs, uneven quality, frequent errors and limited access to care“.Many observers wou
49、ld agree with this diagnosis, but many would undoubtedly disagree with this advocacy of more market forces. Doctors have an intuitive distrust of competition, which they often equate with greed, while many public-policy thinkers argue that the only way to fix Americas problem is to quash the private sectors role altogether and instead set up a government monopoly like Britains National Health Service.Mr.
