1、同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-28 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：21.00)Very soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them. There“s a growi
2、ng gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of the science underneath, and that is very dangerous. The technologies that are particularly dangerous over
3、the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50,000 million times smarter th
4、an the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If you“re fighting against technology that is much smarter than you, you probably will not win. We“ve all heard of the grey goo problem that self-replicating nanotech devices might keep on
5、 replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo, and certainly in biotechnology, we“ve really got a big problem because it“s converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech-enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Borg
6、 in Star Trek , and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much. We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as
7、 intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.（分数：21.00）(1).From the text, we know that the author“s greatest worry is _.（分数：3.50）A.our lack of technological understanding of the process involvedB.our lack of technological capabilityC.
8、creating technology without really understanding the issuesD.our refusal to face the consequences of the technology we create(2).It can be inferred from the text that the author _.（分数：3.50）A.thinks people overestimate the capabilities of technologyB.is not optimistic that artificial intelligence wil
9、l always be used positivelyC.thinks that we should take science fiction movies more seriouslyD.believes artificial intelligence is the greatest threat we face technologically(3).Why does the author say it is not feasible in the film Terminator that the humans win?（分数：3.50）A.Because the power of the
10、technology was exaggerated.B.Because the strength of the machines would be much greater.C.Because machines with that much intelligence would not allow it.D.Because even heroic humans would achieve nothing from such a battle.(4).The mixing of nanotech with organisms may _.（分数：3.50）A.produce dangerous
11、 viruses capable of killing many peopleB.produce creatures that are unfriendly to humansC.upset our balance of natureD.reduce the world to sticky glue(5).The author“s attitude toward the emerging technologies is _.（分数：3.50）A.criticalB.skepticalC.provocativeD.alarmist(6).Which one is correct accordin
12、g to this article?（分数：3.50）A.Human“s ability of understanding is faster than new technology.B.The future development of the unimaginable science is harder.C.Embeding technology with commerce is good only in free trade regimes.D.Emerging technologies are a challenge for human“s intelligence.五、Text 2(
13、总题数：1，分数：21.00)Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was o
14、nly one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, t
15、he word “amateur“ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, i
16、mplied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geologi
17、cal publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their
18、own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make
19、 entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of
20、this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended eithe
21、r to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In scienc
22、e generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.（分数：21.00）(1).The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.（分数：3.50）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.
23、sociology and psychologyD.physics and chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that _.（分数：3.50）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalizationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific
24、communityD.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones(3).The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _.（分数：3.50）A.the process of specialization and professionalizationB.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publications
25、D.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs(4).The direct reason for specialization is _.（分数：3.50）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalizationC.the expansion of scientific knowledgeD.the splitting up of academic societies(5).Which statement about the amateur is co
26、rrect?（分数：3.50）A.Professionals and amateurs are very different from each other in science.B.The growth of specialization improves the amateur participation in science.C.In the twentieth century, due to the increasing developments of science, the difference between the professional and amateur become
27、s larger than before.D.A similar process of differentiation occurred in the specific societies of geology.(6).Which one is not the reason that caused the differentiation between the professional geologists and the amateurs?（分数：3.50）A.Amateurs continued to pursue local studies in the old way.B.Amateu
28、rs didn“t reflect on the wider geological picture.C.Professionals and amateurs have separate journals.D.It“s very had for amateurs to enter professional geological journals.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：21.00)In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the cons
29、umer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they“re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies stil
30、l hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pass way between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established
31、business partners who are given access to the company“s private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull“ customers into sites. In the past year,
32、 however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push“ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertis
33、ements to subscribers“ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company“s website. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offeri
34、ngs, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web
35、 and television fades. That“s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a website selling the right kind of products with the ri
36、ght mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the onli
37、ne plunge.（分数：21.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business _.（分数：3.50）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available
38、 for marketing, the author implies that _.（分数：3.50）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists, _.（分数：3.50）A.t
39、here should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that _.（分数：3.50）A.pushing infor
40、mation on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power(5).The best title for this article
41、is _.（分数：3.50）A.Development of Web BusinessB.About Internet CommerceC.About Push StrategyD.About Online Transaction(6).The reason why Web-business can make sense is that _.（分数：3.50）A.the great development of Web makes it a fashionB.business people finally trust informaton on the WebC.there“s nearly
42、no distinction between Web and television in recent yearsD.business people know clearly what product they want七、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Excerpt 1 From 2003 to 2050, the world“s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per
43、person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO 2 ) will be 42% higher in 2050. But that“s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world“s poor to their present poverty and freeze ever
44、yone else“s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050. Excerpt 2 Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the eff
45、ects of measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO 2 i
46、n the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Excerpt 3 Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing humankind. Climate change may affect natural ecosystems in a variety of ways. In the short t
47、erm, climate change can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geographic distribution of major vegetation typessavannas, forests, and tundra. Climate change can also potentially alter global
48、ecosystem processes, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover, changes in these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate change-induced alterations of natural ecosystems
49、affect the services that these ecosystems provide to humans. Excerpt 4 Plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a yearfaster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. Excerpt 5 Scientists have long warned that some level of global warmin
