1、浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2014 年及答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、单选题(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.The two friends sat in a corner and _ away to each other about the weather （分数：1.00）A.talkedB.chattedC.mutteredD.whispered2.He is going to _ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute （分数：1.00）A.speakB.talkC.rem
2、arkD.address3.Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the governments _ policies. （分数：1.00）A.economicB.economicalC.economyD.economics4.There are not many teachers who are strong _ of traditional methods in English teaching. （分数：1.00）A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.adv
3、ocatesD.performers5.A friendship may be _ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.superficialC.criticalD.original6.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _ down the economy. （分数：1.00）A.putB.settleC.dragD.knock7.We are _ to the
4、idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. （分数：1.00）A.equalB.adequateC.considerateD.sympathetic8.People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to _ everything he was involved in. （分数：1.00）A.PrevailB.dominateC.presideD.instruct9.You can do it if you want to, bu
5、t in my opinion its not worth the _ it involves. （分数：1.00）A.forceB.trialC.attemptD.effort10.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for _ her attitude toward customers. （分数：1.00）A.straightforwardB.partialC.favorableD.hostile二、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Throughout history man has had to acce
6、pt the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they(1). Yet, all living things still show the(2)of aging, which will eventually(3)death. Aging is not a disease, （but）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the(4) they form do not function as well as they(
7、5) in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less(6)against disease and is more(7)to have accident. A number of related causes may(8)aging. Some cells of the body have a （fairly） long life, but they are not(9)when they die. As a person ages,(10)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.(11)b
8、ody cells die and are （replaced） by new cells. In an aging person the(12)cells may not be as workable or as capable(13)growth as those of a young person. Another(14)in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known(16)with age and become less elastic. Thi
9、s is why the skin of old people wrinkles and(17). This is also the reason why old people(18)in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and(19)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this(20)and change t
10、he information carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.（分数：20.00）A.wouldB.be used toC.used toD.usedA.functionB.effectC.affectD.signA.lead inB.give inC.run intoD.result inA.handsB.feetC.heartD.organsA.doB.has doneC.didD.had doneA.energyB.protectionC.vigorD.powerA.likel
11、yB.probableC.possibleD.alikeA.attend toB.contribute toC.add toD.devote toA.replacedB.rebornC.recoveredD.surrenderedA.a numberB.the amountC.the numberD.mostA.oldB.leftC.newD.otherA.toB.forC.ofD.inA.factorB.effectC.reasonD.elementA.for themselvesB.of themselvesC.themselvesD.on their ownA.changeB.to ha
12、ve changedC.to changeD.to being changedA.increaseB.shrinkC.lengthenD.decreaseA.pass awayB.pass byC.pass offD.pass onA.improvementB.processionC.approachD.process三、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：80.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physio
13、logically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. this occurs when one even
14、t or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a si
15、milar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning.“ this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles
16、him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some peop
17、le, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean
18、to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：20.00）(1).the authors main purpose in writing the passage is to _ .（分数：4.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce a
19、nd experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).if your jokes often find already echo in
20、 a person, you will learn though _ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).if a child is bitten or startled several ti
21、mes by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.both of themD.neither of them(4).in the third paragraph, the author is _.（分数：
22、4.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD.using examples to further illustrate learning through classical con
23、ditioning(5).in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _.（分数：4.00）A.definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveAny country has good reason to want its
24、 citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed i
25、nto a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and ag
26、ainst the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Servicedoctors, nurses and other hospital staffhave much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time
27、 for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staffa need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this
28、 free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they dont really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some
29、wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others. （分数：20.00）(1).In the authors view, Britain is a Welfare State in that _. （分数：4.00）A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatment
30、C.health service is highly developed in BritainD.Britain doesnt allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health(2).We can infer from the passage that _. （分数：4.00）A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 3
31、0 years in BritainC.an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service(3).The best title for the passage would be _. （分数：4.00）A.A Welfare StateB.Importance of the Health ServiceC.Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD.The Health
32、Service(4).The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because _. （分数：4.00）A.their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.they might save some money for the poorD.their doctors have a stronger sense of resp
33、onsibility for the patients(5).The word “abused” (Par. 4) means _. （分数：4.00）A.destroyedB.used in wrong wayC.ignoredD.wastedDo we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products hav
34、e been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Lets put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as man
35、y as 10 million Americans currently suffer-alcoholism. But wait. Weve already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920
36、, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of “intoxicating liquors“. Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It w
37、as all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And
38、 gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank
39、 nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. （分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act? （分数：4.00）A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.B.There would be a rise in the
40、 cost of alcoholic beverages.C.Without liquor, people would not drink.D.People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.(2).During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was _. （分数：4.00）A.sold openlyB.no longer a temptationC.a major factor in the passage of the Volstead ActD.brought across the Mexic
41、an and Canadian borders(3).During Prohibition, people _. （分数：4.00）A.lived in fear of the lawB.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorC.recklessly endangered their comunitiesD.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them(4).When enacting the prohibition law, government officia
42、ls assumend that _. （分数：4.00）A.every American would buy alcohol illegallyB.all criminal activities would ceaseC.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcoholD.the social threat from drunkerness would decline(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _. （分数：4.00）A.the Congress was w
43、ise to repeal ProhibitionB.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessC.during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingD.laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beveragesAs people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a cert
44、ain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried
45、to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But
46、 scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the
47、 best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in
48、 centuries, rather than in years! （分数：20.00）(1).When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means _. （分数：4.00）A.to improve in health after one?s disease and injuryB.to run fastC.to recover from disease and injuryD.to jump
49、after recovering(2).In order to live longer, _. （分数：4.00）A.we should postpone the process of agingB.we should try to do some exerciseC.we have to try to be on a dietD.we should keep in high spirits(3).Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? _ （分数：4.00）A.They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC.They want find out if there is a link b
