1、托福-14 及答案解析(总分：135.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Mountain ClimbingMountain climbing, or ascending mountains, is popular worldwide, wherever hills rise high enough to provide a challenge. The activitys rewards include the physical exercise it provides, the satisfaction o
2、f overcoming difficulties by working with others, the thrill of reaching a summit, and the unobstructed views from a mountaintop. Exploration and research are other reasons that people climb mountains. Since ancient times, people have viewed mountain peaks as towering objects of myth, spiritual insp
3、iration, and romantic beauty. Early peoples made ascents only to hunt game, to rescue lost or strayed animals, or to gain a military advantage over an enemy. Eventually, the unknown and inaccessible peaks ceased to be feared and avoided, and the conquest of the major mountain peaks and ranges of the
4、 world began. Mountaineering as a sport was born on August 8,1786. Since that ascent, mountain climbing has evolved into three related sports: alpine climbing, ice climbing, and rock climbing. These sports require the same fundamental techniques. The style of alpinism or alpine climbing encompasses
5、much of the basic climbing techniques, equipment, and safety precautions that form the basis for ice climbing and rock climbing. Alpine climbing began in the European Alps in the late 18th century and is now practiced in all mountain ranges of the world. Alpine climbing involves the continuous ascen
6、t of a mountain peak over a period of one to several days by a team of at least two alpinists. Teams may consist of as many as four climbers. The climbers carry all the equipment they needa camping stove and fuel, sleeping bags, sleeping mats, a tent or bivouac sack, first aid gear, a water bottle,
7、and food. Each night the climbers spend the night on a mountain ledge before continuing upward. Ice climbing grew out of traditional mountaineering, and ice climbers use the basic equipment, techniques, and safety precautions that alpinists do, with certain specialized changes to account for the add
8、ed difficulties of ascending vertical sheets of ice. For example, Eckensteins ten-point crampons enabled mountaineers to ascend more difficult and steeper climbs over icy routes.A. Ice climbers later created more radically drooped ice axe picks and ergonomically designed ice axe shafts, allowing the
9、m to venture onto continuously vertical, and even overhanging, frozen waterfalls. In the early 20th century, French and German mountaineers sought out new challenges by training on cliffs and boulders near their homes.B. The earliest documented rock climb done for sport was the 35-m high Napes Needl
10、e in the Lake District of England.C. Climbing areas may be relatively small crags of rock, large canyon sidewalls, or immense mountain faces.D. Granite, limestone, sandstone, metamorphosed schist, and gneiss are the five most popular rock types for climbing. In recent years, well-publicized successe
11、s and tragedies in mountaineering activities and improvements in climbing equipment have given rise to an increased number of mountain climbers worldwide. The sports popularity has led some countries to require mountaineers to purchase climbing permits. Himalayan expeditions must also pay an environ
12、mental bond to guarantee that they will remove all of their waste at the conclusion of their trip.Environmental protection efforts are underway at many rock climbing areas to ease ecological strains on popular areas. Local climbers participate in an annual cleanup day to maintain approach trails, wa
13、sh gymnastic chalk off the rock, and pick up litter. The Access Fund is the national organization that helps climbers gain access to climbing areas and also assists with environmental problems associated with cliffs in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s indoor rock-climbing gyms have played a
14、 key role in introducing large numbers of people to climbing by featuring short climbs in a controlled setting. However, making the transition to climbing outside is not always easy. New skills and judgment calls are required outdoors, because real cliffs are subject to bad weather and other hazards
15、 such as loose rock and falling stones. In the late 20th century, climbing competitions became popular with rock climbers and ice climbers of all ages and skill levels. Regular competition climbing is judged on how high the climber can ascend within a specified period of time. Speed climbing competi
16、tions pit climbers against a clock to see how fast they can scale a wall. Local climbing gyms and clubs sponsor competitions, as do national organizations such as the American Sport Climbing Federation.（分数：6.00）(1).The word thrill in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. opportunity B. pleasure
17、C. danger D. difficulty（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 1, what rewards can people get from mountain climbing? A. They can make a living from climbing mountains. B. They can get satisfaction, excitement, exercise and interaction. C. They can challenge themselves by climbing mountains. D.
18、They can conquer the nature during mountain climbing.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The author suggests that the relationship between alpine climbing, ice climbing and rock climbing is_. A. they have nothing in common in techniques and equipment B. they are the same only in the sense of using similar equipmen
19、t C. they are exactly the same in most aspects of climbing D. they call for generally the same basic techniques（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word encompasses in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_. A. includes B. excludes C. reflects D. requires（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, which of th
20、e following is NOT true of alpine climing? A. Alpine climbing originated in a European mountain. B. Alpine climbing usually takes one or more days. C. Alpine climbing is not practiced around the world now. D. Alpine climbing cannot be practiced by one single climber.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).According to
21、 Paragraph 3, why did ice climbers make changes to equipment alpine climbers used? A. Because ice climbing is more dangerous than Alpine climbing. B. Because there are some new difficulties in ice climbing. C. Because ice climbers wanted to find more excitements. D. Because ice climbers wanted to en
22、sure more safe climbing.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. More people take up mountain climbing due to pu
23、blicity and better equipment. B. There are increasing cases of both success and tragedy in mountain climbing. C. The activity of mountain climbing has becoming less and less popular. D. Improvements in climbing equipment are the key reason for increased popularity of mountain climbing.（分数：0.50）A.B.C
24、.D.(8).The word underway in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to_. A. ongoing B. changing C. underdeveloped D. unbalanced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 7 as contributing to the difficulty in transitioning between indoor climbing and outdoor climbing EXCEPT_. A.
25、bad weather B. added expense C. loose rock D. falling stones（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).According to Paragraph 8, which of the following is NOT true of climbing competitions in the late 20th century? A. There are various standards to judge climbing competitions. B. Climbing competitions are attractive to
26、various kinds of climbers. C. Only very skilled climbers can participate in climbing competitions D. Climbing competitions have won the support of many associations.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Rock climbing
27、is now practiced on cliffs with a wide range of heights. Where would the sentence best fit?A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type
28、 of organism to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Classic climbing styles Recent developments Answer ChoicesA. rock climbing B. indoor climbing C. environmental bonds D. a variety of climbing places E. climbing permits F. ice climbing G.
29、professional equipment H. climbing competitions I. alpine climbing（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：1，分数：6.50)Types of MoneyThe functions of money as a medium of exchange and a measure of value greatly facilitate the exchange of goods and services and the specialization of production. Without the use of money,
30、trade would be reduced to barter, or the direct exchange of one commodity for another. This was the means of exchange used in primitive societies, and bartering is still practiced in some parts of the world today. In a barter economy, a person having something to trade must find another who wants it
31、 and has something acceptable to offer in exchange. In a money economy, the owner of a commodity may sell it for money, which is acceptable in payment for a wide range of other goods or services, thus avoiding the time and effort that would be required to find someone who could make an acceptable tr
32、ade. Money may thus be regarded as a keystone of modern economic life. The most important types of money are commodity money, credit money, and fiat money. The value of commodity money is about equal to the value of the material contained in it. The principal materials used for this type of money ha
33、ve been gold, silver, and copper. In ancient times, various articles made of these metals, as well as of iron and bronze, were used as money, while among primitive societies commodities such as shells, beads, elephant tusks, furs, skins, and livestock served as mediums of exchange. The gold coins th
34、at circulated in the United States before 1933 were examples of commodity money because the value of the gold contained in the coin was about equal to the value of the coin. Credit money is paper backed by promises by the issuer, whether a government or a bank, to pay an equivalent value in the stan
35、dard monetary metal, such as gold or silver. Paper money that is not redeemable in any other type of money and the value of which is fixed merely by government edict is known as fiat money. This is the type of money found today in the United States in the form of both coins and dollar bills. Credit
36、money becomes fiat money when the issuing government suspends the convertibility of credit money into precious metal. Most fiat money began as credit money, such as the U.S. note known as the greenback which was issued during the American Civil War. Most minor coins in circulation are also a form of
37、 fiat money, because the value of the material of which they are made is usually less than their value as money. For example, the amount of nickel in a nickel coin today is less than its value as money. Both the fiat and credit forms of money are generally made acceptable through a government decree
38、 that all creditors must take the money in settlement of debts; the money is then referred to as legal tender. If the supply of paper money is not excessive in relation to the needs of trade and industry and people feel confident that this situation will continue, the currency is likely to be genera
39、lly acceptable and to be relatively stable in value. If, however, such currency is issued in excessively large volume in order to finance government needs, confidence is destroyed and it rapidly loses value. Such depreciation of the currency is often followed by formal devaluation, or reduction of t
40、he official value of the currency, by governmental decree. The basic money of a country into which other forms of money may be converted and which determines the value of other kinds of money is called the money of redemption or standard money.A. Modern standards have been either commodity standards
41、, in which either gold or silver has been chiefly used as standard money, or fiat standards, consisting of inconvertible currency paper units.B. Most monetary systems of the world at the present time, including those in China and the United States, are fiat systems. C. They do not allow free convert
42、ibility of the currency into a metallic standard, and money is given value by government fiat or edict rather than by its nominal gold or silver content. D. Modern systems are also described as managed currencies, because the value of the currency depends to a considerable extent on government manag
43、ement and policies. Internally, the monetary systems of China and the United States contain many elements of managed currency; although gold coinage is no longer permitted, gold may be owned, traded, or used for industrial purposes.（分数：6.50）(1).The word facilitate in Paragraph 1 is closest in meanin
44、g to_. A. help B. stop C. change D. establish（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true of barter? A. Barter does not exist in the world today any more. B. Barter is much easier than the use of money in exchange. C. Barter makes the exchange of commodities more com
45、plex. D. Barter was practiced only in very ancient civilizations.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Paragraph 1, why is the use of money as a medium of exchange of commodities helpful for economy? A. Because money uses less precious metals like gold and silver. B. Because money spares sellers and buy
46、ers the time and effort to find another seller. C. Because money is considered as a milestone of modern economic life. D. Because it is very convenient to produce money with natural metals.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word primitive in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_. A. original B. modern C. deve
47、loped D. recent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Paragraph 2, why did the gold coins used in the United States before 1933 belong to the category of commodity money? A. Because they were made of the precious metal gold and hence very valuable. B. Because they could be used to exchange commodities an
48、d were called commodity money. C. Because the value of a coin was the same as the value of the gold in the coin. D. Because the value of the gold contained in a coin was more than the value of the coin.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the passage, what is the main difference between credit money an
49、d fiat money? A. Credit money is made of precious metals while fiat money is made of paper. B. Credit money can be converted into precious metals while fiat money cannot. C. Credit money is more valuable than fiat money because they have different contents. D. Credit money was circulated in the past while fiat money is used in most modern societies.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).According to the passage, which of the following is an exam
