1、Designation: D5531 17Standard Guide forPreparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of PhysicalProduct Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance ofCoatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical productstandards for color or
3、 appearance, or both, commonly used inthe coatings industry, provides terminology to describe eachlevel, and describes techniques for generating and caring forstandards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 Th
4、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This internationa
5、l standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committe
6、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of C
7、olors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesD4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of MetamerismD4449 T
8、est Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-ences Between Surfaces of Similar AppearanceE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE430 Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-GlossSurfaces by Abridged GoniophotometryE805 Practice
9、 for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE1345 Practice for Reducing th
10、e Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)Geometry2.2 Society of Automotiv
11、e Engineers Standard:SAE J1545 Recommended Practice for Instrumental ColorDifference Measurement for Exterior Finishes, Textiles,and Colored Trim33. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Terminology E284 and D16 areapplicable to this standard. The terms in E284 take precedenceover those in D16 if differ
12、ences exist.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Pub
13、lished July 2017. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5531 05 (2011). DOI:10.1520/D5531-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA),1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400Commonwealth Dr., W
15、arrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally r
16、ecognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.1 concept color, nthe color of the material submittedby
17、the customer as the target for generating the masterstandard.3.2.2 master standard, nthe physical standard for colorthat the customer approves as the target for visual,spectrophotometric, and colorimetric evaluation of all productsreferenced to that standard.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn SAE J1545 this is re
18、ferred to as the“official” standard.3.2.3 duplicate master standard, na replicate of the masterstandard that serves as the master standard at a secondarylocation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn SAE J1545 this is referred to as the“reference” standard.3.2.4 working standard, nthe physical product standardfor co
19、lor or appearance, or both, used for routine measurementsand visual assessments in the laboratory and at the productionsite.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Product standards are the only standards by whichproducts should be accepted or rejected for color or appear-ance. For each colored product, a hierarchy
20、of product stan-dards should be developed. These include: a master standards,duplicate master standards, and working standards. A masterstandard is generated from the concept color submitted by thecustomer. Duplicate master standards, when needed, are gen-erated from the master standard. Working sta
21、ndards are gener-ated from a duplicate master standard. They are used in thelaboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the coloror appearance of coatings. After initial generation, productstandards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. Thisguide considers the characteristics
22、of product standards, factorsto be considered in their creation, and factors to be consideredin their replacement.5. Significance and Use5.1 High quality physical product standards for color orappearance are the keystone of a successful color controlprogram. Standards are often grouped into three ma
23、jor catego-ries: product standards, intermediate production controlstandards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only withphysical product standards. Some instrument-based color con-trol programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instru-mental measurements of a physical product standar
24、d.6. Characteristics of Physical Product Standards forColor and Appearance6.1 Physical product standards for color should be made ofthe same material as the specimens to be evaluated. This ismore difficult in the case of coatings because they are not soldin their final form, that is, they may be sol
25、d as a liquid or apowder but will end up as a finished film. The coating must beapplied to a substrate, usually metal or paper, and dried orbaked before evaluation. Agreement must be reached betweenthe buyer and the seller on the method of application and curefor the coating before the master standa
26、rd is produced.6.2 The coatings supplier should produce the physicalproduct standards for color. They must have the same spectralcharacter at all viewing and illuminating geometries of concernas the coating.6.3 The standard should have the same geometric appear-ance (nonspectral) characteristics as
27、the final product. Changesin geometric characteristics may influence the noncolor aspectsof appearance such as gloss and texture. They may also affectthe assessed color of the coating with respect to both instru-mental measurement and visual perception.6.4 The desire for permanent physical product s
28、tandards forcolor will sometimes lead people to consider other materialsuch as ceramic for standards, but such substitution should beavoided. Fairman4states: “While a ceramic tile may berecognized as a material of greater permanence than theorganic material being standardized, the probability of the
29、introduction of metamerism between the two dissimilar mate-rials far outweighs any possible permanence gains.”7. Three Levels of Physical Product Standards for Colorand Appearance7.1 The concept color submitted by the customer should notbecome the master standard because it may be made ofdifferent m
30、aterial or have gloss or texture (geometric appear-ance) different from the final product.The concept color simplyrepresents the customers best effort to illustrate the desiredcolor for the coating. The concept color is to be “matched” bythe master standard, usually per acceptance by the customer.Th
31、e master standard represents the target, both spectrally andgeometrically, for the manufactured coating. It becomes thereference by which the coating is accepted or rejected. Oncethe master standard is approved by the customer, the conceptcolor should be properly stored for possible future use.7.2 T
32、he master standard is the reference for judging thecolor of duplicate master standards. Although in the case of adispute it is the ultimate reference for color and geometricappearance. It should not be used for routine evaluations in thelaboratory or at the production site.7.3 Multiple duplicate mas
33、ter standards should be preparedat the same time. Duplicate master standards are intended to beidentical to the master standard. Because there will be variationin perceived or measured characteristics of duplicate masterstandards, buyer and seller must agree on tolerances for“duplicate master standa
34、rds.” As examples, Fairman4suggeststhat the measured color difference be less than 0.2 CIELABunit, and the SAE J1545 judges standards by stating that thetolerance should be the greater of 0.2 unit in each CIELABcolor difference component, DL*, DC*, and DH*, or one-tenththe accepted tolerance for the
35、 product (see Practice D3134 andE1345). The number of duplicate master standards to be madewill depend upon the life expectancy of the color or product, orboth, the resistance of the coating to physical abuse in handlingor cleaning, its resistance to color and geometric appearancechange, and the num
36、ber of times each standard will be used.4Fairman, H. S., “A Standards Program for Color Control,” Color Research andApplication, Vol 6, 1981, pp. 56.D5531 1727.4 Each duplicate master standard should be given a uniqueidentification with date of fabrication. A sufficient number ofduplicate master sta
37、ndards should be generated initially to lastfor the lifetime of the color.7.5 When a coating is manufactured at more than onelocation, each location should treat one duplicate standard asthe master for that location. Another duplicate standard shouldbe designated for the location. The remaining dupl
38、icate stan-dards should be designated working standards to be used forroutine evaluation of the coating.7.6 Working standards may become unsuitable for usebecause of physical damage, dirt, contamination, or changes ingeometric appearance and color due to exposure or use.Therefore, it is essential to
39、 confirm working standards fre-quently by comparing them to duplicate master standards.7.7 The duplicate master should be compared to the masteronly rarely. The master should be kept in a secure, environ-mentally stable and clean area.NOTE 1The master standard should be treated with great carerecogn
40、izing its uniqueness and value. Make sure you have a copy, thenstore it in a safe place. It should be used only when necessary to confirmor replace duplicate masters.8. Preparation Considerations8.1 Application Methods:8.1.1 The buyer and seller should agree upon the methods ofapplication and cure.
41、Ideally they should duplicate thosemethods by which the final coating is applied and cured.Practices D823 describes methods for producing films ofuniform thickness on test panels.8.1.2 Application and cure parameters that should be con-sidered include, but are not limited to, the following:8.1.2.1 S
42、ubstrate,8.1.2.2 Application device such as drawdown, hand spray,automatic spray, and electrostatic deposition,8.1.2.3 Application thickness and cured film thickness,8.1.2.4 Flash time, and8.1.2.5 Cure method and schedule, such as air dry, force dry,bake for specified time, and specified temperature
43、.8.1.3 A physical product standard for color should beuniform in color at all viewing and illuminating geometries ofconcern and geometric appearance aspects, such as gloss andtexture, if uniformity is to be a characteristic of the coating.Otherwise the pattern of color and the geometric aspects ofap
44、pearance should be representative of those of the desiredcoating.8.1.4 The buyer and seller should agree upon the size ofstandards. In Practice D1729, panels 90 by 165 mm (312 612in.) are preferred for critical visual evaluation of color andgeometric appearance differences.8.1.5 The useful life expe
45、ctancy of the physical standardsshould be identified by an expiration date when applicable.9. Storage of Product Standards9.1 All physical product standards for color should be storedso as to minimize drift over time in color or geometric aspects.Individual opaque paper envelopes of neutral pH and t
46、heapproximate size of the panel should be used.9.2 These standards should be handled by the edges andexposed to light and the environment only when being used forproduct evaluation.9.3 Low temperature storage5or freezing of these standardshas been recommended to minimize color change with time.When
47、a standard is to be frozen, it should first be placed in apaper envelope and then in a sealable plastic bag. The plasticbag will protect the standard from condensation. It also mayprotect the standard from fumes. The standard should be keptat a temperature of -18C (0F) or lower. When the baggedstand
48、ard is removed from the freezer, it should be allowed tocome to room temperature before being opened.10. Maintenance of Product Standards10.1 Use of a well maintained, carefully monitored colormeasuring instrument is the best way to determine whether thecolor of a product standard has changed.10.2 W
49、orking standards should be replaced when theybecome dirty, damaged, or reach the expiration date. Theyshould be compared frequently and regularly to a duplicatemaster standard to ensure that the color and geometric aspectsof appearance have not changed. When a change larger than thetolerance is found, the working standard should be replaced.10.3 Duplicate master standards should be replaced if theybecome dirty or damaged. They should be compared infre-quently but regularly to the master standard to ensure that thecolor and geometric aspects of appearance have not
