1、The Monocots: Part 1 Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups,Spring 2010,Figure 9.1 from the text,Synapomorphies of Monocots,Root system adventitious One cotyledon Stems with scattered vascular bundles (no secondary growth); herbaceous Leaves parallel-veined with a sheathing base Flowers pentacyclic
2、(5 whorls), trimerous Sieve cell plastids with several cuneate protein crystals Lots of molecular support for monophyly,Additional features of monocots,Leaves formed from the basal end of the leaf primordium Usually with monosulcate pollen Lack glandular teeth on leaves,Monocot characters,One cotyle
3、don!,MONOCOT,NON- MONOCOT,Monocot characters,Leaves: parallel venation in most monocots may be reversals with net-venation! sheathing base,Trillium,Smilax,Monocot characters,Cuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids “wedge-shaped” inclusions function unknown,Monocot characters,Adventitious roots
4、:-derived from structures other than another root,Monocot characters,Scattered vascular bundles in stem numerous; actually complex organization no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions),Monocot characters,Pentacyclic, trimerous flowers with 2 perianth whorls,How many monocots?,ca. 3,000 genera ca
5、. 65,000 species 22-25% of angiosperms Include: -aroids -bananas -lilies -gingers -orchids (20,000+ spp.) -irises -palms -grasses (10,000 spp.),Phylogeny of Monocot Groups,Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales,Basal “Petaloid” Com
6、melinoid,Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot Groups,Order AcoralesAcoraceaeOrder AlismatalesAraceaeAlismataceaeOrder LilialesLiliaceaeOrder AsparagalesAgavaceae AlliaceaeAmaryllidacaeeIridaceaeOrchidaceae,Basal Monocots: Acorales: Acoraceae,Widespread, temperate throughout tropical regions Aquatic herb Div
7、ersity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (Acorus) Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into a spike-like spadix Significant features: Sister to the rest of the monocots; contain ethereal oils. Special uses: (none) Required taxa: (none, but Acorus evolutionarily important),Acorus (sweet flag) The most basal mon
8、ocot! Aquatic.,“Petaloid” MonocotsAlismatales: Araceae (The Arum Family),Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions Terrestrial and aquatic herbs, vines, epiphytes, floating aquatics Diversity: 2,830 species, 109 genera Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive perianth, carpels 2-3; spatial
9、ly separated in inflorescence or sometimes plants dioecious Significant features: inflorescence spadix subtended by a spathe Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as food Required taxa: *Arisaema, Lemna,* Change from lab manual!,AraceaeArisaema,Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit,Arisaema dra
10、contium green dragon,-spathe overlapping below, mostly arched above, striped or marked -spadix usually slender and elongate -flowers unisexual and only at the base of the spadix,Arisaema sikokianum,Araceae,Monstera,Philodendron,Amorphophallus,Araceae: Lemna and friends,Lemna duckweed,Reduced plant b
11、ody: no stem or leaves; sometimes no roots Rarely flower,Alismatales: Araceae,Economic plants and products:,Colocasia esculenta Taro “root” or dasheen “poi”10% of the world uses as staple (starch) in diet,“Petaloid” MonocotsAlismatales: Alismataceae (The Water Plantain Family),Widely distributed Aqu
12、atic & wetland rhizomatous herbs Number of species: 80 species, 11 genera Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many apocarpous carpels Significant features: rhizomatous Special uses: ornamental aquatics Required taxa: Sagittaria,Liliales: Liliaceae in the broad sense,are a garbage can taxon.,Plus many
13、 members of Asparagales,Figure 9.14 from the text,“Petaloid” MonocotsLiliales: Liliaceae (The Lily Family),Widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Herbs, usually with bulbs or contractile roots Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16 genera Flowers: tepals 6, distinct, c
14、arpels 3, stamens 6 Significant features: Fruit a loculicidal capsule, sometimes a berry Special uses: many ornamentals Required taxa: Erythronium, Tulipa,Liliaceae - Lilium,Liliaceae,Erythronium trout-lily,Liliaceae,Economic plants and products (horticultural):,Lilium Easter lily,Tulipa tulip,Aspar
15、agales vs. Liliales,Herbs; not succulent Tepals often spotted Nectaries at base of tepals/filaments Styles 1 (trifid) or 3 Seed coat present No phytomelan crust (seeds not black),Herbs to woody; sometimes succulent Tepals not spotted Nectaries septal Styles usually 1, simple Seed coat collapsed to +
16、 present Phytomelan crust (seeds black) from dry fruits; not in fleshy fruit,Figure 9.18 from the text,“Petaloid” MonocotsAsparagales: Agavaceae (The Agave Family),Warm temperate to tropical regions of the New World; maximum diversity in Mexico Rosette herbs, often with succulent leaves Number of sp
17、ecies: ca. 300 species in 8-13 genera Flowers: tepals 6, stamens 6, carpels 3, fruits a loculicidal capsule Significant features: large, paniculate inflorescence Special uses: fiber, tequila, ornamentals. Required taxa: Agave, Yucca, Hosta,Agavaceae Agave and Yucca,Agave,Yucca,Agave: bat pollinated,
18、Yucca: moth pollinated,Agavaceae: Hosta,Asparagales: Agavaceae,Economic plants and products:,Agave tequila,Asparagales: Agavaceae,Economic plants and products:,Fiber for rope from species of Yucca and Agave e.g., sisal hemp,“Petaloid” MonocotsAsparagales: Alliaceae (Onion Family),Widely distributed
19、in temperate and tropical regions; also semiarid. Bulb-forming herbs Number of species: ca. 645 species, in 13 genera Flowers: Often showy, tepals 6, stamens 6, 3 connate carpels, ovary superior; fruit a loculicidal capsule. Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds Special uses: onion, garl
20、ic, leek, shallots, chives, used as food ornamentals Required taxa: Allium,Alliaceae - Allium,-scapose herbs with bulbs + contractile roots -basally clustered leaves -umbellate inflorescence with bracts -6 petaloid tepals + 6 stamens -loculicidal capsule + black seeds,Alliaceae,Economic plants and p
21、roducts:,Allium species onions, leeks, garlic!,Ornamentals,“Petaloid” MonocotsAsparagales: Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis or Daffodil Family),Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions; maximal diversity in South Africa, Andean South America, and the Mediterranean Bulb-forming herbs with contrac
22、tile roots Number of species: 870 species in 59 genera Flowers: often showy; tepals 6; stamens 6, sometimes adnate to perianth; carpels 3, inferior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule Significant features: special alkaloid compounds present Special uses: many ornamentals (Narcissus, Hippeastr
23、um) Required taxa: Narcissus, Hippeastrum,Amaryllidaceae,Amaryllidaceae,Hymenocallis spider-lily,Narcissus daffodil, jonquil, narcissus,Corona sometimes present,Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum,“Petaloid” MonocotsAsparagales: Iridaceae (The Iris Family),Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; abs
24、ent in Australia. Herbs forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; tepals 6, outer tepals often differentiated from inner; stamens (2) 3; carpels 3, fused into an inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule Significant featu
25、res: leaves equitant Special uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus sativus) Required taxa: Iris,Iridaceae,“Petaloid” MonocotsAsparagales: Orchidaceae (The Orchid Family),Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in tropical regions Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial herbs, occasionally
26、 vines Diversity: ca. 19,500 species in 775-800 genera Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, bilateral, the median inner tepal differentiated into a labellum (lip); highly modified androecial and gynoecial parts, fused into a column; pollen grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia); ovary inferior;
27、placentation parietal; fruit a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6 slits; seeds tiny, dust-like Significant features: among the most specialized of all angiosperm flowers Special uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla Required taxa: *family only,*change from lab manual,Orchid flower morphology,Orchidaceae,Pollination function of column & pollinia,Asparagales: Orchidaceae,Economic plants and products:,Vanilla flavoring extracted from immature capsules of Vanilla planifolia,
