1、Animal Science II,Principles of Animal Nutrition,Objective,Describe the six functions of a good ration,Rations,Maintenance of vital body processes to keep animals alive Growth by increasing size Bones, muscles, organs, tissue Fattening Storing nutrients Not for maintenance or growth,Rations,Producti
2、on Milk Eggs Wool or hair Reproduction Work Other needs must be met first Most U.S. livestock do no work (horses),Rations,1/3 to of the ration fed to livestock is used for body maintenanceMaintenance must be met before nutrients are available for other functions,Objective,Define roughage and concent
3、rates in relation to an animal ration,Roughages,Contains more than 18% crude fiber when that are dry,Concentrates,Contains less than 18% crude fiber when they are dry Grains-corn, oats, barley, wheat By-products Wheat bran Cottonseed hulls,Concentrates,Liquid supplements Molasses Urea Animal protein
4、s Meat scraps, fish, and blood meal Plant proteins Cottonseed meal Soybean meal Peanut meal,Objective,Explain the characteristics of a good ration,Good Rations,Balanced Has all the nutrients in the right amounts Palatable Taste good Low Cost Feed is about 75% of the cost of raising livestock,Good Ra
5、tions,Not harmful to the health of animals Too much cotton seed can cause reproductive problems Uniformly mixed Micronutrients- vitamins and minerals Feed additives,Objective,Define feed additives and hormone implants used in animal rations,Feed Additives and Implants,Feed additives Materials used i
6、n rations Small quantities Improve performance Feed efficiency Rate of gain Health Production,Feed Additives and Implants,Hormones Implants Most are pelleted Synthetic or natural Improves rate of gain and feed efficiency,Feed Additives and Implants,Hormones can also be fed as feed additives,Feed Add
7、itives and Implants,Performance stimulants Increased profits by increased performance Low level antibiotic use is subtherapeutic Some public concern regarding antibiotic resistance,Feed Additives and Implants,Feed additives are widely used in the beef cattle, swine and poultry industry Many differen
8、t antimicrobial drugs are used increase performance and prevent disease Regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),Assignment,Complete 1-10 on page 146 in the Modern Livestock and Poultry Production textbook Write your answers in complete sentences Keep your assignment in your notebook once
9、 finished,Objective,Explain how to properly mix additives in a complete ration,Mixing Additives,The main rule that includes all other rules is “read the label” Mixing is required to provide the correct amounts of additives Clean equipment Keep accurate records on medicated feeds,Objective,Select the
10、 appropriate feed additives for the given outcome,Kinds of Feed Additives,Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotics and antibacterials Used to control disease Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is unknown Aureomycin and Terramycin Hormones Improve feed efficiency Rate of growth Mainly used for cattle,Ki
11、nds of Feed Additives,Anthelmintics Used to control worms Piperizine and Dichlovos Others Coccidioststs- coccidiosis in poultry Proxaline- prevent bloat in beef cattle Melengestrol of MGA to supress estrus in heifers,Objective,Describe the proper method of hormone implantation,Hormone Implantation,R
12、estrain the animal Use a sharp needle Prevents crushed pellets Clean the site Select the proper location Back surface Middle one third of the ear 1 to 2 inches from the base,Hormone Implantation,Point the instrument toward the head parallel to the ear Insert being careful not to hit a vein or cartil
13、age Withdraw slightly, start the implant and remove Removing too quickly can crush the pellet,Hormone Implantation,Objective,Discuss the general principles in balancing rations,Balancing Rations,Balanced to meet the animals needs at the least expense Variety of fresh feeds More palatable Easier to b
14、alance Bulky Filling Helps in digestion,Balancing Rations,Slightly laxative Improve feed efficiency Prevent constipation Economical price per pound of energy and digestible protein Suitable Roughage for cattle Concentrates for swine and poultry High protein for younger animals,Objective,Interoperate
15、 the relationship between 100% dry matter basis and as-fed basis for rations,Dry Matter,All moister has been removed,Dry Matter,Protein 10%,Protein 40%,Protein 10g,As- Fed,Dry Matter,Other 15%,Other 60%,Other 15g,Water 75%,Water 75g,100g can of dog food,Air Dry,Still has moisture,Dry Matter vs. As-f
16、ed,The weight of 100% dry matter is less No water or moisture is containedProvides an accurate indication of feed content Feeds can vary in moister content,Dry Matter Content,100% dry matter basis of sun cured hay is about 90% of as-fed basis 100% dry matter basis of most fresh pasture grasses is ab
17、out 20-30% of as fed basis 100% dry matter basis of most corn (not silage) is about 90% of as-fed basis,Dry Matter Content,Most feed will stabilize to about 90% dry matter in air drying Storing high moisture feed materials will cause them to mold or build up heat,Objective,Identify the rules for fee
18、ding various kinds of livestock,Rules for Feeding Livestock,Beef Cattle (fattening) 1 1/2 to 2 lbs. Of air-dried roughage and 2 lbs. of concentrate per 100 lbs. of body weight Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately: 12.75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and 17 lbs. concentrates Total= 30 to 34 p
19、ounds of feed,Rules for Feeding Livestock,Cattle (maintenance) mainly roughage air dried roughage should be 2% body weight (1.8 dry matter) Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than dry cows Example:A 1,213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X .02= 24.26),Rules for Feeding Livestock
20、,Swine depends on size and age of the animal depends on nursing Pigs under 50 pounds and nursing sows need more protein than market hogs Poultry The ration is 10% of body weight,Pearson Square,Objective Determine the nutritional requirement from appropriate tables using the Pearson Square Method,Fin
21、ding Nutritional Information,Called feeding standards Metric vs. English to convert kg to lb multiply kg by 2.2 a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs. ME- metabolizable energy intake,Pearson Square,1) Draw a square with lines connecting opposite corners and write the percent crude protein needed at the cr
22、oss,Pearson Square,Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein content in the left-hand corners lowest at the top highest at the bottom,Pearson Square,Subtract the smallest number from the larger along the diagonal lines,Pearson Square,36.9 total parts,Pearson Square,Corn- 33.8 divided by 36.
23、9 multiplied by 100= 92% corn SBM 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8% SBM,Assignment,Balance a ration for CP for the following using your choice of feeds: 300 lbs medium farmed steer at a 3 pound daily gain (p. 917) 1400 pound cow, nursing, superior milking ability first 3-4 months postpartum (p. 923) Maintenance of a rabbit An animal of your choice,
