1、APA Writing Style I,Introduction,Why we write research papers,Tell others: About our ideas and thoughts About our sample, data collection and results About what we think it all means; why our study is interesting or importantPaper should make sense of your existing data and results,Parts of a resear
2、ch paper,Introduction Methods Results DiscussionPaper moves from general to specific and back to general,Parts of the Introduction,Opening Literature Review Transition Hypotheses,GeneralSpecific,Introduction: Opening,General statements that introduce topic Broad presentation of issue that you are st
3、udying May include examples from human behavior,Sample Openings,Article 1: Theoreticians, clinicians, and researchers have long observed that certain people have a strong inclination to look to others for support, guidance, and reassurance, even in situations where they seem capable of initiating an
4、d completing tasks on their own. Such persons have traditionally been thought of as having a “dependent personality.” Article 2: Virtually all major theories of adult development focus on commitments to work and family as key developmental milestones, and as the main task of healthy adult developmen
5、t.,Introduction: Literature Review,Present previous theory and research Only include literature that is directly related to your topicProvides rationale for your study Synthesize what others have doneShould lead to your study,Sample Literature Review,Article 1: During the past several decades resear
6、chers have attempted to delineate the constellation of traits associated with high levels of interpersonal dependency in children and adults (Birtchnell, 1984, 1988; Hirschfeld et al., 1977; Kline Sarbin, 1954).,Introduction: Transition,Directly tie literature review to your current study Show how y
7、our study: Replicates past research Builds on or extends past research Fills in gaps from past research Uses a new methodology from past research Addresses limitations of past research,Sample Transition,Article 1: Although considerable indirect evidence has accumulated that indicates that situationa
8、l variables play a key role in determining whether a dependent person will behave in a passive, submissive manner or in an active, assertive manner, this issue has never been examined directly. Article 2: Although there has been a great deal of research that has dealt with the relationship between w
9、ork and family roles, there are some important conceptual and methodological problems in much of this research. First, because much of this research is cross-sectional. paragraph addressing these issues Second, much previous research has tacitly assumed that the qualities of womens commitments to wo
10、rk or family roles are essentially similar paragraph addressing these issues. Finally, many of these studies have examined older cohorts of women. paragraph addressing these issues This study offers a remedy to many of these problems. First, . paragraph addressing these issues,Introduction: Hypothes
11、es,Most specific part of introduction Make predictions for your research, based on literature review Needs to be written so that it is testable It will be what you test in your analyses,Sample Hypotheses,Article 1: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in situations where the dep
12、endent persons performance is being compared to that of a peer, the presence (or absence) of an authority figure will significantly and predictably influence the dependent persons behavior. Specifically, in a situation where no authority figure is present, the dependent person should engage in vario
13、us self-denigration strategies that ensure that the peer will perform better than he or she does. Article 2: The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that women with different life paths (based on combination of work and family role commitment) would have different personality profi
14、les. More specifically, ,What is NOT in introduction,How you will operationalize your hypothesis (although the general concepts are ok)Any results Specifics about your sample,General points on the introduction,Remember that you are telling a storyConsider your audienceBe clear and do not use jargon
15、unless necessary,Miscellaneous issues: Writing Style,Use the third person Use active voice Tense: Past tense for introduction Past tense for methods and results Past tense in discussion when talking about your results Present tense when talking about general conclusions from study Future tense when talking about future directions,Avoiding Bias in Language,Say participants, not subjectsUse male and female pronouns when participants are both male and femaleUse people of color rather than non-White,
