1、 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,BMS 631: Lecture 3,Light and Fluorescence J.Paul Robinson, PhD Professor of Immunopharmacology and Bioengineering Purdue University www.cyto.purdue.edu, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Absorption,Basic quantum mechanics requires that molecules absorb
2、energy as quanta (photons) based upon a criteria specific for each molecular structure Absorption of a photon raises the molecule from ground state to an excited state Total energy is the sum of all components (electronic, vibrational, rotational, translations, spin orientation energies) (vibrationa
3、l energies are quite small) The structure of the molecule dictates the likely-hood of absorption of energy to raise the energy state to an excited one,3rd Ed Shapiro p 84, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Lifetime,Absorption associated with electronic transitions (electrons changing states) o
4、ccurs in about 1 femptosecond (10-15 s) The lifetime of a molecule depends on how the molecule disposes of the extra energy Because of the uncertainty principle, the more rapidly the energy is changing, the less precisely we can define the energy So, long-lifetime-excited-states have narrow absorpti
5、on peaks, and short-lifetime-excited-states have broad absorption peaks,3rd Ed.Shapiro p 85, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Exctinction,Using Beers law (Beer-Lambert law) for light travelling through a curvette thickness d cm containing n molecules/cm3 ln (Io/I) = nd where Io and I are the
6、light entering and leaving and is the molecular property called the absorption cross section Now we can state thatln (Io/I) = nd where C is the concentration and a is the absorption coefficient which reflects the capacity of the absorbing substance to absorb light If there are n (molecules/cm3 ; d i
7、n cm, must be in cm2 so if is in cm2/mol, C must be in mol/cm3 do C=a/103 giving log10 (Io/I) = d = A where A is the absorbance or optical densityand is the decadic molar exctinction coeficient in dm3mol-1cm-1,3rd ed. Shapiro p 86, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Absorbance,O.D. units or abs
8、orbance is expressed in logarithmic terms so they are additive. E.g. an object of O.D. of 1.0 absorbs 90% of the light. Another object of O.D. 1.0 placed in the path of the 10% of the light 10% of this light or 1% of the original light is transmitted by the second object It is posssible to express t
9、he absorbance of a mixture of substances at a particular wavelength as the sum of the absorbances of the components You can calculate the cross sectional area of a molecule to determine how efficient it will absorb photons. The extinction coefficient indicates this value,3rd ed. Shapiro p 87, 2002 J
10、.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Parameters,Extinction Coefficient refers to a single wavelength (usually the absorption maximum) Quantum Yield Qf is a measure of the integrated photon emission over the fluorophore spectral band At sub-saturation excitation rates, fluorescence intensity is proporti
11、onal to the product of and Qf, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,Quantum Yield,Fluorescence Lifetime () - is the time delay between the absorbance and the emission,kr kr + knr,=,1 kr + knr,=, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,Photon emission as an electron retur
12、ns from an excited state to ground state, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,Excitation Spectrum Intensity of emission as a function of exciting wavelength Chromophores are components of molecules which absorb light They are generally aromatic rings, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue Un
13、iversity,Fluorescence,The wavelength of absorption is related to the size of the chromophores Smaller chromophores, higher energy (shorter wavelength), 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,Stokes Shift is the energy difference between the lowest energy peak of absorbance and the high
14、est energy of emission,495 nm,520 nm,Stokes Shift is 25 nm,Fluorescein molecule,Fluorescnece Intensity,Wavelength, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,The longer the wavelength the lower the energy The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy eg. UV light from sun - this causes
15、the sunburn, not the red visible light, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University, Microsoft Corp, 1995,Electromagnetic Spectrum,Only a very small region within the ES is used for flow cytometry applications, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Properties of Fluorescent Molecules,Large extinction
16、coefficient at the region of excitation High quantum yield Optimal excitation wavelength Photostability Excited-state lifetime Minimal perturbation by probe, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Simplified Jablonski Diagram, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,ENERGY,S0,S1,S2,T2,
17、T1,ABS,FL,I.C.,ABS - Absorbance S 0.1.2 - Singlet Electronic Energy Levels FL - Fluorescence T 1,2 - Corresponding Triplet States I.C.- Nonradiative Internal Conversion IsC - Intersystem Crossing PH - Phosphorescence,IsC,IsC,PH,Vibrational sublevels,Jablonski Diagram,Vibrational energy levels,Rotati
18、onal energy levels,Electronic energy levels,Singlet States,Triplet States,3rd Ed. Shapiro p 87, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,The longer the wavelength the lower the energy,The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy eg. UV light from sun causes the sunburn not the red vi
19、sible light, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence Excitation Spectra,Intensity related to the probability of the event,Wavelength the energy of the light absorbed or emitted, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Conclusions,Dye molecules must be close to but below saturation level
20、s for optimum emission Fluorescence emission is longer than the exciting wavelength The energy of the light increases with reduction of wavelength, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Allophycocyanin (APC),Protein,632.5 nm (HeNe),Excitation,Emisson,300 nm 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm, 2002 J.Paul
21、 Robinson, Purdue University,Ethidium,PE,cis-Parinaric acid,Texas Red,PE-TR Conj.,PI,FITC,Common Laser Lines, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Excitation Saturation,The rate of emission is dependent upon the time the molecule remains within the excitation state (the excited state lifetime f)
22、Optical saturation occurs when the rate of excitation exceeds the reciprocal of f In a scanned image of 512 x 768 pixels (400,000 pixels) if scanned in 1 second requires a dwell time per pixel of 2 x 10-6 sec. Molecules that remain in the excitation beam for extended periods have higher probability
23、of interstate crossings and thus phosphorescence Usually, increasing dye concentration can be the most effective means of increasing signal when energy is not the limiting factor (i.e. laser based confocal systems), 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Phosphorescence,Following absorption, molecu
24、les can relax via a non-radiative transition to the T1 rather than the S1 state - this is called an intersystem crossing, While it is forbidden it does happen and has a low probability and takes a longer time - the energy dissipated is called phosphorescence Phosphorescence has a longer lifetime tha
25、n fluorescence (milliseconds rather than femptoseconds Phosphorescence generally occurs at longer wavelengths than fluorescence because the energy difference between S0 and T1 is lower,Shapiro p 88, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Resonance Energy Transfer,Resonance energy transfer can occur
26、 when the donor and acceptor molecules are less than 100 A of one another Energy transfer is non-radiative which means the donor is not emitting a photon which is absorbed by the acceptor Fluorescence RET (FRET) can be used to spectrally shift the fluorescence emission of a molecular combination.,Sh
27、apiro p 90, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Fluorescence,Resonance Energy Transfer,Intensity,Wavelength,Absorbance,DONOR,Absorbance,Fluorescence,Fluorescence,ACCEPTOR,Molecule 1,Molecule 2, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Raman Scatter,A molecule may undergo a vibrational transition
28、(not an electronic shift) at exactly the same time as scattering occurs This results in a photon emission of a photon differing in energy from the energy of the incident photon by the amount of the above energy - this is Raman scattering. The dominant effect in flow cytometry is the stretch of the O
29、-H bonds of water. At 488 nm excitation this would give emission at 575-595 nm,Shapiro p 93, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Quenching, Bleaching & Saturation,Quenching is when excited molecules relax to ground stat5es via nonradiative pathways avoiding fluorescence emission (vibration, coll
30、ision, intersystem crossing) Molecular oxygen quenches by increasing the probability of intersystem crossing Polar solvents such as water generally quench fluorescence by orienting around the exited state dipoles,Shapiro p 90, 2002 J.Paul Robinson, Purdue University,Lecture Summary,Light and Matter Absorption FluorescenceFrom this lecture you should understand: The nature of fluorescence molecules How fluorescence is generated Why molecules have different excitation and emission What Resonance Energy Transfer is What quantum yield is,
