1、Calvin Jones Welsh Economy Research Unit jonesc24cf.ac.uk,The Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Sporting & other EventsEvent Tourism: Enhancing Destinations and the Visitor Economy Bournemouth University 11th January 2007,On Todays Menu,The need for thorough & holistic evaluation of event imp
2、acts Growing importance of Environmental & Sustainability Considerations Potential Methodologies & Example Results Conclusions,Event Impact Studies: The Issues,Most? lack intellectual rigour value adding Largely considered crap* by mainstream academics and policymakers/officials,* technical term,Eve
3、nt Impact Studies: Desired Progression?,Evaluate major events in a way which; Is more holistic Specifically speaks to regional/national goals in terms of sustainable economic development Assesses costs as well as beneficial impacts Can enable comparisons; across major events within/ex-regional with
4、other tourism activity with wider development options opportunity cost,Event Environmental Impacts,Strong SD growth in Econ Dev policy agenda Mirrored by increasing concerns in sport OGGI etc.) However, little practical guidance on minimising environmental negatives No way to prioritise mutually exc
5、lusive SD-management projects or options Thus need for quantitative event environmental evaluation,Environmental Evaluation of Major Events Two Options (1) Ecological Footprint,Benefits: Widely used (if not understood!) measure of human activities environmental impact Single output measure (hectares
6、) enables comparability A measure of global impact Established algorithms ease analysis Backed by major players; WWF; UK Regional authorities; LOCOG 2012,Limitations: Single measure may hide impact mechanisms Not necessarily intuitive land use measure Extremely complex algorithms which lack transpar
7、ency; not open source A measure of global impact,Environmental Evaluation of Major Events Two Options (1) Environmental Input-Output,Benefits: Relies upon well used & easily understood input-output relationships & modelling Data improving continuously as NAMEAs develop Activity-by-activity examinati
8、on of impacts Flexible regarding impact metrics CO2, waste, water etc. Can be used to compare with economic impact Largely a measure of local/regional/national impact,Limitations: Industrial disaggregation not sport/tourism specific errors Myriad input-output limitations & modelling assumptions Requ
9、ires well developed regional economic account & NAMEA Largely a measure of local/regional/national impact,Brief Results (1): Ecological Footprint of the 2004 FA Cup Final,Source: Collins, Munday & Roberts, 2006,Brief Results (1): Reducing the Ecological Footprint of the 2004 FA Cup Final,Source: Col
10、lins, Munday & Roberts, 2006,Introducing The Wales Environmental Satellite Account (TESA),Fruits of a project started in 1999 WERU/ICTHR Tourism Impact & Planning Model developed into Welsh TSA TSA enumerates economic value of tourism in a way comparable with other industries Accredited by UNWTO, OE
11、CD & EUROSTAT In Wales link to REWARD environmental dataset enables assessment of environmental impact of tourist activity For technical/methodology see forthcoming papers in Tourism Economics & Journal Travel Research (or email me!),TIPM: Indicative Results (2003): Aiding Tourism Marketing,TIPM: In
12、dicative Results (2000): Contributing to Sustainable Development (TESA),NB: Figures experimental and confidential,Environmental Impacts of Tourism Within Wales by Tourist Type 2000 (Direct and Indirect),TIPM: Indicative Results (2003): Major Event Evaluation,NB: Employment estimates are indicative o
13、nly as additional demand will in large part be serviced by existing employees,TESA/Sport Future Developments,Develop an Event Tourist profile to compare with existing (short/long/Intl/Business) Establish overall value of event tourism to region within TESA framework Methodology to assess extra-regio
14、nal impacts Development of Social Accounting Matrix to illuminate social aspect of SD Help LOCOG develop suitable metrics/method for environmental evaluation,Conclusions,ENVIO and EF offer a way of assessing environmental impact of events in a way which enables sustainable event planning & management Complementary analyses that offer different benefits Both methods in their infancy but offer substantial benefits if systems can be made more sport & event specific Potential for incorporation into CGE-type systems to also look at issues of displacement if you have the cash!,
