1、Designation: A356/A356M 11 (Reapproved 2016)A356/A356M 16Standard Specification forSteel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A356/A356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、rof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic sta
3、inless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders(shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5) shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.1.3 The va
4、lues stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformancenonconformanc
5、e with the standard.1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelE94 Guide for
6、Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in. (50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Wal
7、led (412 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing2.2 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry Standard:3SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings fo
8、r Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Visual Method)3. Classification3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table 1.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material to this specification should include the following information:4.1.1 A description of the casting by p
9、attern number or drawing (dimensional tolerances shall be included on the castingdrawing),4.1.2 Grade of steel,4.1.3 Options in the specification, and4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, including the standards of acceptance.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A0
10、1 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published September 2016January 2017. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20112016as A356/A356M 11.A356/A356
11、M 11 (2016). DOI: 10.1520/A0356_A0356M-11R16.10.1520/A0356_A0356M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
12、website.3 Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http:/www.mss-hq.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have
13、 been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official docu
14、ment.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAComposition, %Grade/UNSNumberMaterialCarbon Manganese Silicon Phosphorus,max Sulfur, m
15、ax Molybdenum Chromium Nickel Vanadium Columbium Nitrogen Aluminum Other1J03502carbon steel 0.35B max 0.70B max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2J1252312 % molybdenum 0.25B max 0.70B max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5J125
16、4012 % chromium, 12 %molybdenum0.25B max 0.70B max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6J12073114 % chromium, 12 %molybdenum0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 1.00-1.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8J116971 % chromium, 1 %molybdenum, vanad
17、ium0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.05-0.15 . . . . . . . . . . . .9J216101 % chromium, 1 %molybdenum, vanadium0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.20-0.35 . . . . . . . . . . . .10J22090214 % chromium, 1 %molybdenum0.20 max 0.50-0.
18、80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 2.00-2.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA6NMJ91540martensic chromiumnickel0.06 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 0.4-1.0 11.5-14.0 3.5-4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A Where ellipses appear in this table, there is no requirement and the element need not be a
19、nalyzed for or reported.B For each 0.01 % reduction in carbon below the maximum specified, an increase of 0.04 percentage points of manganese over the maximum specified for that element will be permitted up to 1.00.A356/A356M1625. Melting Process5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or elec
20、tric-furnace process.5.2 Deoxidation Practice:5.2.1 Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades shall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxidation withother agents is permissible with the approval of the purchaser.5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum be added.5.2.3
21、Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. The specific method shall be subject to approval by the purchaser.6. Heat Treatment6.1 Preliminary Heat TreatmentThe castings may receive such preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect to employ.6.2 Heat Treatment for Final Properties:6.2.1 NormalizingThe
22、castings shall be heated to and held at the proper temperature for a sufficient time to effect the desiredtransformation and withdrawn from the furnace and allowed to cool to effect complete transformation.6.2.2 TemperingThe casting shall be heated to and held at the proper temperature, which shall
23、be below the transformationrange, and then cooled under suitable conditions. The tempering temperature shall not be less than 1100F 595C.1100 F595 C.6.2.3 Stress RelievingThe stress relieving operation shall be carried out in the same manner as tempering. The temperatureshall be within 50F 28C,50 F
24、28 C, but not exceeding the final tempering temperature.6.3 Stainless Steel Casting:6.3.1 NormalizingThe castings shall be heated to 1850F 1010C1850 F 1010 C minimum, held sufficiently at thattemperature to uniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200F 93C.200 F 93 C.6.3.2 TemperingThe c
25、astings shall be final tempered from 1050 to 1150F1150 F 565 to 620C.620 C.6.3.3 Stress RelievingThe stress relieving operation shall be performed in the same manner as tempering. Temperature shallbe between 1050F 565C and 1150F 620C.1050 F 565 C and 1150 F 620 C.7. Chemical Composition7.1 The steel
26、 shall conform to the requirements given in Table 1.8. Tensile Requirements8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirements listed in Table 2 as determined by the test specimen set forth in Section9.8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.9.
27、Number of Tests and Retests9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in each heat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attachedcoupons are specified. The bar from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated with the casting represented.9.2 If any test specimen shows def
28、ective machining or develops flaws, it shall be discarded and another specimen substitutedfrom the same heat.9.3 If the results of the mechanical tests for any lot or casting do not conform to the requirements specified, the founder mayreheat treat and retest such lot or casting.TABLE 2 Tensile Requ
29、irementsGrade Material Tensile Strength,min, ksi MPa Yield Strength,min, ksi MPaElongation in 2in. 50 mmmin, %Reduction ofArea, min,%1 carbon steel 70 485 36 250 20.0 35.02 12 % molybdenum 65 450 35 240 22.0 35.05 12 % chromium, 12 % molybdenum 70 485 40 275 22.0 35.06 114 % chromium, 12 % molybdenu
30、m 70 485 45 310 22.0 35.08 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 80 550 50 345 18.0 45.09 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 85 585 60 415 15.0 45.010 214 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum 85 585 55 380 20.0 35.0CA6NM martensitic chromium nickel 110 760 80 550 15.0 35.0A356/A356M 16310. Test Specimen1
31、0.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexamination may be taken from coupons conforming substantially to thedimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from the locations in the coupon as indicated in Fig. 1. These coupons shall have been cast attachedto the castings, except as provided in 10.2, and hav
32、e remained attached, without partial severing, until the completion of the heattreatment for final properties.10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer, the design of any casting is such as to preclude the use of an attached coupon, thenthe tension test specimen and sample for microexamination for
33、 that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to a special block.The coupon shall conform substantially to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall have remained attached, without partialsevering, to its special block until after all heat treatment for final properties.10.3 Test specimens may be
34、 cut from heat-treated castings instead of from test coupons when agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.10.4 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. 50-mm gage-lengthspecimen shown in Fig. 5 of Test Methods and Definitions A370.
35、11. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser isbeing performed, to all parts of the manufacturers works that concern the manufacture of material ordered. The manufacturer shallafford the inspector all reas
36、onable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with this specification.All tests (except product analysis) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, and shall be soconducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with operation of the
37、 works.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Any rejection based on tests made in accordance with Sections 7 or 8, or both, shall be reported to the manufacturer within60 days from the receipt of samples by the purchaser.12.2 Material that shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the manufa
38、cturers works will be rejected, and themanufacturer shall be notified.12.3 Samples tested in accordance with Section 7 that represent rejected material shall be preserved for 60 days from the dateof transmission of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the result of the tests, the manufac
39、turer may make claim for arehearing within that time.FIG. 1 Dimensions and Location of Test Coupons for Turbine CastingsA356/A356M 16413. Certification13.1 The manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a certified record of the results of the chemical analysis and mechanicaltests, together with a s
40、tatement that all the requirements of this specification (including year date) have been met.14. Product Marking14.1 Pressure-containing castings, made in accordance with any of the grades of steel covered by this specification, shall bemarked for material identification with the ASTM symbols for th
41、e grade of alloy steel (Grade 1, Grade 2, and so forth) and theheat number or heat identification. Marking shall be positioned so as not to impair the usefulness of the castings.15. Quality Assurance15.1 Surface FinishThe castings shall be clean when offered for inspection. A standard practice that
42、may be used as a basisfor visual inspection is SP-55.15.2 SoundnessThe degree of soundness and the method for its determination shall be subject to agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser. Castings may be produced in accordance with Supplementary Requirement S2, SupplementaryRequirement
43、S3, Supplementary Requirement S4, or any combination of these.15.3 WeldingAssembly welds and repair welds shall be made using procedures and welders qualified under PracticeA488/A488M.15.3.1 Welding shall be accomplished with a filler material known to produce weld deposits having a chemical composi
44、tion andmechanical properties compatible with those of the castings.15.3.2 Welds shall be inspected to the same quality standards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.2.1 When castings are produced with Supplementary Requirement S2 specified, welds shall be inspected by magneticparticle examinat
45、ion to the same standards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.2.2 When castings are produced with Supplementary Requirement S3 specified, welds shall be inspected by radiographyto the same standards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.3 Welds shall receive at least a stress-relief heat tre
46、atment.Acomplete heat treatment consisting of a normalize and tempermay be required for certain welds, subject to agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.15.3.4 When methods involving high temperatures are used in the removal of discontinuities, casting shall be preheated to atleast the min
47、imum temperatures in Table 3.15.3.5 Assembly and repair welds on Grade 12A shall be post-weld heat treated at 1350-1470F 730-800C.1350 to 1470 F730 to 800 C.16. Keywords16.1 carbon steel; low-alloy steel; stainless steel; steam turbines; steel castingsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSAny of the following s
48、upplementary requirements may become a part of the specification whenspecified on the inquiry or invitation to bid, and when made a part of the purchase order or contractTABLE 3 Minimum Preheat TemperaturesGrade Thickness, in.mmMinimum PreheatTemperature,F C1 over 1 251 25 and under175 8050 102 over
49、 58 1658 16 and under250 12050 105 over 58 1658 16 and under250 12050 106 over 12 1312 13 and under300 15050 108 over 12 1312 13 and under300 15050 109 over 12 1312 13 and under300 15050 1010 over 12 1312 13 and under400 200300 150CA6NM all 50 10A356/A356M 165after mutual agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser on the exact standards to be applied toeach method
