1、2011年 3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Long treatment of the elderly drains funds from the health needs of other groups and from urgent social problems. （ A） restrains （ B） detains （ C） soars （ D） exhausts 2 Cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biolog
2、ical warfare, but also destroy the larger organizationthe body itselfsigning their own suicide warrant. （ A） refined （ B） random （ C） merciless （ D） perpetual 3 The report also examined the overall effectiveness of the 43-day bombing campaign carried out by coalition forces and Congress released a b
3、rief synopsis to the public. （ A） compendium （ B） bibliography （ C） addendum （ D） postscript 4 All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. （ A） business （ B） exchange
4、（ C） wedlock （ D） contact 5 With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resembles a color blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted. （ A） auspiciously （ B） deplorably （ C） suspiciousl
5、y （ D） disbelievingly 6 The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America has nothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles. （ A） conviction （ B） lo
6、yalty （ C） conversion （ D） component 7 After a few short but interminable seconds, U. S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his foot firmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10: 56 pm, July 20,1969. （ A） inseparable （ B） fast （ C） indelible （ D） long 8 Hopelessly entrapped in the tw
7、o-year tangle of his own deceit, forced into a confession of past lies, he watched the support of his most loyal defenders collapse in a political maelstrom, driven by their bitterness over the realization that he had betrayed their trust. （ A） probe （ B） confusion （ C） finding （ D） potential 9 Alth
8、ough this could be seen as a strength because it allows flexibility, it can also be argued that it invalidates the theory; in this case several peoples rights must be relinquished to reach a conclusion. （ A） given up （ B） put off （ C） thought of （ D） held on 10 War is the social cancer of mankind. I
9、t is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys not only its “enemies“, but also the whole superstructure of what it is a partand thus eventually it defeats itself. （ A） baneful （ B） optimal （ C） paradoxical （ D） perilous 11 In this great global clash of interests, it is time for both sides to
10、soften their anger and seek new ways to get along with each other. If sanity is to prevail, the guiding policy must not be_but cooperation and conservation. （ A） confrontation （ B） reconciliation （ C） ration （ D） resumption 12 Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the nu
11、mber of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the_industries; desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them. （ A） concessionary （ B） feasible （ C） hypothetical （ D） auxiliary 13 In North Dakota, which had barely a
12、n inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields, watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and_. （ A） survive （ B） wail （ C） perish （ D） swell 14 As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice to use, particularly when the manuals
13、 contain instructions like this_from Apple; “This character prevents script from terminating the currently forming output line when it encounters the script command in the input stream. “ （ A） excerpt （ B） manipulation （ C） retrieval （ D） reminder 15 Eventually the old brutal arrangement was_by the
14、laws of the state, which undertook to end the freelance savageries of personal revenge by meting out justice uncomplicated by private passion. （ A） superseded （ B） revised （ C） permeated （ D） imposed 16 Rights and obligations are_; an obligation flows from a right, and this provides clarity in actio
15、n. For example if it can be agreed that the patient has a right to confidentiality, then it is clear that the doctor has a duty not to breach this. （ A） correlative （ B） extraneous （ C） irrelevant （ D） compatible 17 Finally this theory is widely understood and accepted the world over, i. e. it has a
16、 _; and is therefore a good basis for discussion of an ethical problem. （ A） particularity （ B） unilateralism （ C） commonality （ D） cosmopolitan 18 In New Orleans, meanwhile, the dredging of channels has_huge amounts of marshland. （ A） compromised （ B） proliferated （ C） produced （ D） modified 19 As
17、a professional doctor, I will prescribe_for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. （ A） regimen （ B） equity （ C） requisite （ D） regime 20 It is often the children who truly lead the elders into America, the sons who take their fathers to their fi
18、rst baseball game or shepherd them to their first rock concert or give them a real sense that they_Americas future. （ A） have an impact on （ B） have a facility for （ C） have a grasp of （ D） have a stake in 二、 Grammar 21 In another institute study, 35% of U. S. employees said they had health care res
19、ponsibilities during the last year. It can be episodic, unpredictable and very_. （ A） stressing （ B） stressed （ C） stressful （ D） stress 22 _it is generally agreed that sex-role stereotyping contributes to narrowly defined expectations about human potential, limited career options for males and fema
20、les, and mixed messages about the world which contradict daily life experience, the social costs of such stereotyping have not been fully explored in the educational arena. （ A） As （ B） If （ C） While （ D） Unless 23 On the other hand, _very deep pockets, the administration would not be concerned in t
21、he least about the cost of their lawyers. If fully_, the corporate lawyers could file enough motions, take enough depositions, and pursue every possible appeal, to the point that you, quite literally, could litigate yourself into bankruptcy. （ A） having/unleashed （ B） had/unleashed （ C） having/unlea
22、shing （ D） had/unleashing 24 While we need to show young women how to protect themselves, these findings also demonstrate strongly that we need to help young men reject a culture that tells them relationships are based on showing power_others and that, as males, they need to prove their masculinity,
23、 _exercising this type of power. （ A） against/for （ B） on/with （ C） to/in （ D） over/by 25 _schools are a microcosm of society at large, it is important to examine the ways in which educational environments may foster and perpetuate a tolerance of gender-based stereotyping and violence. （ A） In that
24、（ B） As long as （ C） For that （ D） Even though 26 _, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair, durability; and expression of function in terms of form. （ A） Under a lar
25、ge quantity of prevailing criteria of design （ B） By a large sum of severe criterion set by the association （ C） According to a large amount of the industrial criteria （ D） With a number of ultimate criterion laid down by the union 27 That was a man-made disaster that clearly_if the federal governme
26、nt, specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency, had quickly marshaled the political resources to evacuate those without access to cars, instead of promoting on its Web site a faith-based charity that was clearly no match for the problem. （ A） could have been averted （ B） should have just a
27、verted （ C） would have not really averted （ D） could have not averted 28 The police had decided not to proceed with a prosecution against Irwin, _ that it was highly unlikely that any jury in the land would wish to punish him for doing this mercy killing. （ A） since they had clearly recognized （ B）
28、clearly recognizing （ C） clearly being recognized （ D） clearly having recognized 29 Opponents of legalization often argue that inside the breast of all doctors, both sides of the argument agree, beats the heart of a Mengele_. （ A） for whom patients must be protected （ B） against whom patients must b
29、e protected （ C） against whom patients must protect themselves （ D） for whom patients must be being protected 30 It hardly needs_that being alive is one of the prerequisites for enjoying the freedom that Americans value so much. （ A） to mention （ B） mention （ C） mentioning （ D） being mentioned 31 In
30、 the same way, children learning to do all the other things A they learn to do without being taughtto walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicyclecompare their own performances Bwith that of Cmore skilled people, and slowly make Dthe needed changes. 32 Human-centered, or anthropocentric, views Afavor a
31、n instrumental view of the natural world and value it only as Ba means to human ends. Such views place great value and trust in science and technology, believing that the powers of control over nature Cconferred by them are non-problematical and that ongoing technical development Dwill be crucial to
32、 ensure a world bereft of poverty, drudgery and disease etc. 33 Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and Ato things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; ones past is Ba gradually increasing weight. It is easy to Cthink for oneself that ones emotions used to be
33、 more vivid than they are, and Dones mind more keen. 34 Culture in general Ais concerned with beliefs and values Bon the basis of that people interpret experiences and behave, individually and in groups. CBroadly and simply put, “culture“ refers to a group or community Dwith which you share common e
34、xperiences that shape the way you understand the world. 35 ASince the nineteenth century became the twentieth, Black bands Bwere being heard more and more on the streets of New Orleans. CIncluded in the crowd of listeners who followed them Dwere black youngsters such as Louis Armstrong. Soon there w
35、ere white bands trying to copy this Black style of playing. 36 And Awhile the medical community generally supports the guiding principle of the current policythat organ donation should be an Bact of giving, without monetary incentives of any kindthe American Society of Transplant Surgeons has endors
36、ed the idea of a pilot program Cthat would partially reimburse surviving funeral expenses of individuals who allow their organs Dto take after death. 37 To please no one AI will prescribe a deadly drug, Bnor give advice which may cause his death. CNor will I give Da woman a pessary to procure aborti
37、on. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my art. 38 AGiven the already documented incidence of abuse and violence Bin adolescents lives, the avoidance of these issues reinforces the message that Csuch matters are private and individual rather than socially based. This attitude only serves D
38、to cover up the extent of abuse and perpetuate the shame that such silence promotes. 39 Such changes, Acombined with the erosion of Bthe areas barrier islands, and the Bush administrations policy of Copening up more wetlands to development, weakened the natural frontline defense against a hurricane
39、storm surge Dand leave the city more vulnerable to death and destruction. 40 Older persons typically exhibit greater experience-based knowledge, Aincreased accuracy, better judgment, and generally improved ability to handle familiar tasks Bthan younger persons. Such applied knowledge, Cor wisdom, ma
40、y in fact be considerably more important to ones ability to accomplish most tasks of day-to-day life Dthan were the abstract abilities tapped by intelligence tests. 三、 Reading Comprehension 40 The principle of the social character of the school as the basic factor in the moral education given may be
41、 also applied to the question of methods of instruction, not in their details, but in their general spirit. The emphasis then fells upon instruction and giving out, rather than upon absorption and mere learning. We fail to recognize how essentially individualistic the latter methods are, and how unc
42、onsciously, yet certainly and effectively, they react into the childs ways of judging and of acting. Imagine forty children all engaged in reading the same books, and in preparing and reciting the same lessons day after day. Suppose this process constitutes by far the larger part of their work, and
43、that they are continually judged from the standpoint of what they are able to take in a study hour and reproduce in a recitation hour. There is next to no opportunity for any social division of labor. There is no opportunity for each child to work out something specifically his own, which he may con
44、tribute to the common stock, while he participates in the productions of others. All are set to do exactly the same work and turn out the same products. The social spirit is not cultivated, in fact, in so far as the purely individualistic method gets in its work, it atrophies for lack of use. The ch
45、ild is born with a natural desire to give out, to do, to serve. When this tendency is not used, when conditions are such that other motives are substituted, the accumulation of an influence working against the social spirit is much larger than we have any idea of, especially when the burden of work,
46、 week after week, and year after year, falls upon this side. But lack of cultivation of the social spirit is not all. Positively individualistic motives and standards are inculcated. Some stimulus must be found to keep the child at his studies. At the best this will be his affection for his teacher,
47、 together with a feeling that he is not violating school rules, and thus negatively, if not positively, is contributing to the good of the school. I have nothing to say against these motives so far as they go, but they are inadequate. The relation between the piece of work to be done and affection f
48、or a third person is external, not intrinsic It is therefore liable to break down whenever the external conditions are changed. Moreover, this attachment to a particular person may become so isolated and exclusive as to be selfish in quality. In any case, the child should gradually grow out of this
49、relatively external motive into an appreciation, for its own sake, of the social value of what he has to do, because of its larger relations to life, not pinned down to two or three persons. But, unfortunately, the motive is not always at this relative best, but mixed with lower motives which are distinctly egoistic. Fear is a motive which is almost sure to enter in, not necessarily physical fear, or fear of punishment, but fear of losing the approbation of others;
