1、2010年 3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it is not much funand it might not even be necessary. （ A） scanty （ B） lavish （ C） balanced （ D） nutrient 2 When former Colorado Governor Richard Lamm spoke out in 1984 about the terminal
2、ly ills “duty to die“, his forthrightness seemed eccentric. （ A） unconventional （ B） weird （ C） deceptive （ D） ridiculous 3 Discussing the probability of another world war, Woolf argues that women with jobs in manufacturing should refuse to produce arms for use in a male-instigated debacle. （ A） hav
3、oc （ B） derision （ C） vibration （ D） epoch 4 Alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. （ A） escalation （ B） elation （ C） delusion （ D）
4、indifference 5 One difficulty is that while other disciplines investigate a specific range of phenomena, philosophy, particularly in the hodgepodge conception, investigates all of existence. （ A） potpourri （ B） consensus （ C） feint （ D） nuance 6 Given the persistent and intransigent nature of the Am
5、erican race system, which proved quite impervious to black attacks, Du Bois in his speeches and writings moved from one proposed solution to another and the salience of various parts of his philosophy changed as his perceptions of the needs and strategies of black American shifted over time. （ A） vi
6、gilant （ B） inadvertent （ C） impenetrable （ D） incongruous 7 It is postulated that population trends have an effect on economic fluctuations. （ A） deducted （ B） assumed （ C） decreed （ D） challenged 8 Professor Lewis tells of an Oxford undergraduate he knew who, priggishly despising the conventional
7、images of God, thought he was overcoming anthropomorphism by thinking of the Deity as infinite vapor or smoke. （ A） factitiously （ B） smugly （ C） spontaneously （ D） conspicuously 9 When Le Corbusier draws on this experience later in his own work, it is the memory of the building as a foil to nature
8、that guides his vision. （ A） tableau （ B） prototype （ C） facade （ D） counter-balance 10 Exorcising the wounds of childhood and young adulthood, Dickens dramatized the unresolved problems of his personality and his marriage, anticipating the turmoil that was to come. （ A） Exposing （ B） Diffusing （ C）
9、 Depicting （ D） Banishing 11 Many new words have been added to the English language in the past forty years; and since Shakespeares time the number of words in the language has increased more than five times, from about 140,000 to_between 700,000 and 800,000. （ A） somehow （ B） somewhere （ C） whereas
10、 （ D） somewhat 12 These large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can even_forest fires. （ A） sprout （ B） accelerate （ C） ignite （ D） foster 13 He did not want to be_by the majority. He felt that various disti
11、nguished cultures could offer a greater contribution to progress than a single culture could. （ A） assimilated （ B） afflicted （ C） enraged （ D） isolated 14 In theory, millions of people suffering devastating diseases may one day be helped or even cured with treatments derived from human embryonic st
12、em cells, but human embryos must be destroyed to obtain these stem cells. So research involving them is_in controversy, with each side arguing passionately for the rights of the sick or the rights of the unborn. （ A） refuted （ B） modified （ C） marred （ D） mired 15 With its publication in 1885, the C
13、oncord Public Library banned the book for “being more suited to the slums than to intelligent, respectable people“. _, Clemens relished the ban and happily told his publisher the controversy would generate 25,000 in sales copies. （ A） Unattended （ B） Unbiased （ C） Undeterred （ D） Unbalanced 16 Balan
14、cing the budget or reforming welfare has individual winners and losers. But when no trade association or advocacy coalition stands to win or lose, beliefs about whats best have a better chance to_. （ A） skip （ B） precede （ C） conspire （ D） prevail 17 War, chiefly the Civil War, in U. S. history has
15、been a vital force in the rise of industrial capitalism, in the change of America from a dominantly agrarian and_country to one chiefly manufacturing in nature. （ A） cosmopolitan （ B） predatory （ C） pastoral （ D） proletarian 18 Everyone was obligated to adapt their ways to these overarching rules, a
16、s they were commonly understood, and anyone could reasonably judge others, wherever they lived, by their degree of conformity to the_principle. （ A） fluid （ B） poignant （ C） vexatious （ D） immutable 19 Paralleling the growth of interest among professional historians during the early 1960s, I had a s
17、imultaneous_of popular interest in the Afro-American past that was directly stimulated by the drama of the protest movement. （ A） respite （ B） fray （ C） obsolescence （ D） groundswell 20 Merchant Robert Morris was a man of many distinctions, one of the wealthiest individuals in the Colonies and an ec
18、onomic wizard, he won the_ “Financier of the Revolution“, yet died penniless and forgotten. （ A） condolence （ B） euphemism （ C） dregs （ D） accolade 二、 Grammar 21 Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomicsall of_ provide significant benefits for human healthwould not be possible without
19、the underlying knowledge of evolution. （ A） what （ B） that （ C） which （ D） those 22 Many ethnologists at the turn of century believed that Native American manners and custom were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity _before the cultures disappeared forever. （ A）
20、so much information as to adequately record （ B） as much information as could be adequately recorded （ C） as much information as could adequately record （ D） so much information that could be adequately recorded 23 None of these high technology methods are of any value if the sites_they are applied
21、have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery, the explorer therefore pay particular attention to_the ground formations most likely to mineralize. （ A） that. selecting （ B） to which. selecting （ C） where. select （ D） which. select 24 By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jes
22、us Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet_heresy. （ A） were tantamount with （ B） has been tantamount with （ C） would have been tantamount to （ D） would be tantamount to 25 Whether a policy that is “good“ in the aggregate sense_also “good“ for a par
23、ticular person, however, _a different matter. （ A） is.is （ B） is./ （ C） /.is （ D） is.being 26 The period in Europe from the end of the World War II has seen a spectacular growth in the number of cars, similar to_in America during the 1920s and 1930s. （ A） what would take place （ B） that which took p
24、lace （ C） which had taken place （ D） that were taking place 27 In the American family, the husband and wife usually share important decision making. When the children are old enough, they take part_. （ A） also （ B） though （ C） as well （ D） either 28 Most studies focus on remarkably precise slivers o
25、f human emotions. One study at Allegheny University in Pennsylvania found that the tendency for a person to throw dishes or slam doors when he is angry is 40 percent heritable, _the likelihood a person will yell in anger is only 28 percent heritable. （ A） and （ B） that （ C） yet （ D） while 29 The fou
26、nders, _, were long on exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children. （ A） such as the case of almost all their successors was （ B） such as was the case of almost all their successo
27、rs （ C） as the case of almost all their successors （ D） as the case of almost all their successors was 30 If you find yourself repeatedly reading over the same paragraph and_it in, thats a sign youve reached the top for the day and should stop. （ A） not take （ B） not to take （ C） did not take （ D） n
28、ot taking 31 To paraphrase the noted eighteenth-century scholar, Samuel Johnson, Adespite all the refinements of subtlety and the dogmatism of learning, it is by the common sense and compassion of readers Bthat are uncorrupted by the prejudices of some opinionated scholars Cwho the characters and si
29、tuations in medieval and Elizabethan literature, Das in any other literature, can best be judged. 32 Thousands of Atired, nerve-shaking, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to mountains is going home; that wildness is necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are use
30、ful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life. Awakening from the stupefying effects of the vice of over-industry and Bthe deadly apathy of luxury, they are trying Cas best they can to mix and enrich their own little ongoings Dwith those of Nature. 33 Money, tim
31、e and health concerns Aloom largely in the poll of more than 1,100 women who have at least one living parent. About 20% said they were very happy. More than half of the women were concerned about Ban elderly relatives health. Those who had sick relatives were much more likely to feel depressed and t
32、o Cworry about Dhaving enough time for family members. 34 In contrast, when the general population of a society is going through the early stages of social mobilization, language group conflicts seem Aparticularly likely to occur. They may develop animosities which take Bon a life of their own and p
33、ersist beyond the situation Cwhich gives rise to them. The degree to Dwhich this happens may be significantly affected by the type of policy which the government adopts during the transitional period. 35 Beliefs about the relationship between humanity and the natural environment can be directly corr
34、elated with conceptions held Aregarding the role science and technology Bplay in mediating that relationship. The interdependence of these beliefs with perceptions of the environmental impacts of science and technology Care central in the notions held Dwith regard to the future role of science and t
35、echnology. 36 An American university president once commented that “ Einstein has created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. AIt may be some generations Bbefore the average mind grasps the identity of time and space, and so on, but even ordinary men understand now that the universe is Csomet
36、hing vast Dthan ever thought before. “ 37 A child learning to talk does not learn Aby being corrected all the time; if Bcorrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day Cthe difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes
37、 the necessary changes to make his language Das other peoples. 38 AIn contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis Bcontends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon Cin which it is Dlargely dependent upon social-group resources for its develop
38、ment. 39 The language has always changed, Abut the rate of change has been uneven; minor changes have slowly accumulated in every generation, but there have been Bperiod of rapid change Cas well. The most important of these periods occurred during the two hundred and fifty years after 1066, the Dyea
39、r the Normans conquered England. 40 Cultural pluralism is Athe dynamic by which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, Byet Cmaintain its cultural differences. A pluralistic society is one where different groups can interact Dwhile showing a certain degree of tolerance for one an
40、other, where different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority cultures are encouraged to uphold their customs. 三、 Reading Comprehension 40 The theory of the Social Contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, assumes that men at first
41、 lived in a state of anarchy in which there was no society, no government, and no organized coercion of the individual by the group. Hobbes maintained that by the social contract men had surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state. The French phi
42、losopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in LeContrat Social(1762), found the general will, a means of establishing reciprocal rights and duties, privileges, and responsibilities as a basis of the state. Similar ideas were used as a justification for both the American and the French revolutions in the 18th c
43、entury. Thomas Jefferson held that the preservation of certain natural rights was an essential part of the social contract, and that “consent of the governed“ was fundamental to any exercise of governmental power. The Social Contract theory has withstood the test of time; it served as a rationale fo
44、r the enactment of felon disenfranchisement laws in the past, and remains a compelling argument today. The early exclusion of felons from the franchise by many states could well have rested on Lockes concept, so influential at the time, that by entering into society every man authorizes the society,
45、 or which is all one, the legislature thereof, to make laws for him, as the public good of the society shall require. A man who breaks the laws he has authorized his agent to make for his own governance could fairly have been thought to have abandoned the right to participate in further administerin
46、g the compact. This is especially so when account is taken of the heavy incidence of recidivism and the prevalence of organized crime. When someone commits a crime, he commits it not just against the victim, but against our entire society. Protests that time sewed is enough, and that society should
47、prioritize the rehabilitation and reintegration of felons should fall on deaf ears. Opponents of disenfranchisement claim that the inability to vote stymies felons “remittance into a law-abiding society“. Yet they neglect to explain why the tonic of voting did not curtail felons from committing crim
48、es initially. They have breached the social contract and, like insane persons, have raised questions about their ability to vote responsibly. Despite its initial attractiveness, the use of social contract theory to defend felon disenfranchisement is in fact specious. Disenfranchised felons are unequ
49、al parties to a contract that is fundamentally unfair in its formation on the grounds that they are unconscionable. The social contract between citizens and the state to which they delegate their authority gains its validity from the parties freedom to contract and share an active voice in negotiating. In fact, active citizenship in the United States is but a facade without this vital right. The felon, disenfranchised upon breaching the original social contract, enters
