1、专业英语八级（ MINI-LECTURE）强化练习试卷 1及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after th
2、e mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Influence of the Language of Latin on English I. Introduction: The influence of Latin on O
3、ld English was profound. Reason: It was considered as the language of a highly developed (1)_. II. Two aspects of its influence on English i. Influence on Words: grouped by time and (2)_ into five periods: A. the Zero Period Origin; Germanic tribes contact with the Roman Characteristic: short words
4、Dealing Range; military matters, cooking, trade, and (3)_ Example; camp, kettle, cheap, and wine B. the First Period Time: borrowed during Julius Caesars English adventures (55 BC) and the Roman Conquest (43 -449 AD) Characteristic: most vanished, only a few remained as (4)_ Example: Kent, Devon and
5、 Cumberland C. the Second Period Time: from Augustines mission of 597 Division; two main sub-periods a. the Early Preference Range; 1) (5)_ Example: mass, pope 2) household words Example: cap, plant 3) words relating to education Example: Latin, school Reason underneath; Christianitys immediate impa
6、ct on seventh-century Britain b. the Benedictine Characteristic: direct translation of Latin terms Example; (6)_, resurrection D. the Third Period Time; beginning in 1066 with William the Conqueror Origin; Norman French more (7)_ VS more learned, written Example; example/exemplary; machine/machinate
7、 Another special point; Untranslated Latin words are introduced (8)_ for the 1st time. E. the Modern Period Time; beginning with the advent of Modern English, usually dated to 1500. Characteristic; compounds with roots Field of Application of Roots; 1) widely used ones; -ation, -ana, -ite, -ism, ex-
8、, co-, -ist, and de-2) (9)_ used ones; mille-, matri-, menti-, and reticul-3) commercially used ones ii. Influence on Grammar Origin; the artificial structure of (10)_ Result; stigma and benefit 10 Cultural Understanding Like learning a language, developing cultural understanding occurs step ly step
9、 over time. Here are five stages of cultural understanding: Stage one; No understanding. involves no awareness of the new culture: knows nobody and few (1) _. Stage two: Superficial understanding. awareness of (2)_aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes stereotypes are (3)_. Stage three:Growi
10、ng understanding and possible (4)_. awareness of more subtle, less visible traits in foreign culture unnecessarily bring acceptance For anyone, the home culture is (5) _. Stage four; Greater (6) _understanding. still (7)_have little empathy the (8) _level is higher Stage five:True empathy and cultur
11、al (9)_. to live in the foreign culture; the amount of time depends on (10)_. 20 British Educational System 1. Primary and secondary education in Britain 1) Children go to the primary school at the age of (1) _ 2) Students attend secondary school until age sixteen. 3) Students enter higher education
12、 at the age of eighteen. 2. Higher education in Britain 1) In England and Wales: Application for universities; through the UCCA; Courses; “ course “ refers to a (2) _ program, structured with a fixed program of classes; Classes: a. classes are offered in the UK on a (3)_ basis; b. more emphasis is p
13、laced on (4)_study; c. students write more essays and take fewer objective tests; d. classes often take the following forms: (5) _, tutorials .seminars. 2) In Scotland; A variety of tertiary level options are available; a. The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6) _education; b. C
14、entral institutions dont directly validate degrees, but many have close ties to (7)_; c. The standard university degree is a four-year (8)_. 3. Comparison between the US and the UK higher education 1) Grading: In the UK, (9)_ are the most common form of study assessment; The US professors grade less
15、 strictly than the UK professors. 2) Course levels; Basic courses are not (10) _ at UK universities. 30 American Black English I. Overall Current Condition; difficult to say the number of Black English speakers. Related numbers; at least 170 ethnic groups living in the USA about (1)_of the American
16、population made up by black Americans. about 80% of black Americans speak Black English. II. Two main aspects as to the study of Black English A. Controversies on the Origin of American Black English 1) On its history and genetic affiliation i. learnt by West Africans on plantations from (2)_. ii. r
17、eferring to all varieties of English spoken by Black people in and outside the USA, as in the Caribbean and (3)_. 2) On the Emergence of Creole language i. Slavery trade made Creole languages appear in the globe. ii. No necessary conditions for the (4)_ of a fully-fledged Creole language; inheriting
18、 distinctive features from older varieties of English Conclusion; both are partially right B. On Assimilation of American Black English 1) Promoting factor; the (5)_theory i. Significance for the past generations of immigrants: becoming successful by working to shed their historic identities and ado
19、pt the ways of their new country. ii. View by President Woodrow Wilson; All children were sent to public schools to be infused with (6)_and become Americans. 2) Specific ways of assimilation: i. learning to speak a form of English that sounded more like the Standard English; ii. being sent to school
20、 in England to learn (7) “_“; iii. losing their Black accents and “talk White“ Reason: i. for advancing them socially and economically ii. for not embarrassing their families iii. for good jobs and (8) _increase Result; i. losing their original cultural identity and abandon their (9)_ ii. the differ
21、ence between Black English and Standard English becoming smaller and smaller iii. Black English becoming deeply rooted in Americas (10)_and culture 专业英语八级（ MINI-LECTURE）强化练习试卷 1答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.
22、 While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on
23、ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 【听力原文】 Influence of the Language of Latin on English Good morning. Welcome to our Lexicology class. In todays lecture, well get to know one of the most ancient languages and even now widely used almost in various fields (such as; medicine, lea
24、rning, science, technology, etc.)- That is the language of Latin, which has been influencing English throughout its history. Its authority on English was profound as the Roman army and merchants gave new names to local objects such as: pea, cat, kettle, candle and a numerous number of other common w
25、ords. The influence of Latin on Old English was profound because Latin was considered the language of a highly developed civilization. The English language has drawn from Latin mainly in its vocabulary, but also in its grammar. (2) These loans are grouped, by time and substance, into five periods th
26、e Zero, First, Second, Third, and Modern. Each of these has distinctive characteristics, both of the Latin words adopted and the process of assimilation undergone. Latin words have also been adopted to English through Modern French, Modern Italian and Norman French. First, lets go to the first perio
27、d; the Zero Period. It includes all English words whose etymology traces back to Germanic tribes in contact with Romans on the continent. These are all short words, easily adaptable to the inflections of early Germanic languages. (3) The tribes dealings with the Romans were centered in military matt
28、ers, cooking, trade, and commerce, especially with wine merchants. Words current in Modern English with recognizable forms include camp, kettle, cheap, and wine. Then comes the First Period. This period includes words borrowed during Julius Caesars English adventures (55 BC) and the Roman Conquest (
29、43 - 449 AD) , but almost none of these survived the Teutonic and Norman invasions. (4) In fact, most Celtic words in Modern English either were borrowed from recently or continued as place names, such as Kent, Devon and Cumberland. The most interesting Latin-Celtic-Old English path is that of -ches
30、ter, with its variants -cester and -caster, as found in Manchester, Gloucester, and Lancaster. In Celtic, it is -ceaster, from the Latin -castra meaning encampment. And next is the Second Period. This period, dating from Augustines mission of 597, is divided into two main sub-periods, the Early and
31、the Benedictine. (5) The Early Second Period includes words taken by the English to describe their new religion (such as mass, pope) , but also household words (such as cap, plant) and those relating to education (Latin and school). The amount and miscellany of the borrowings show the extent of Chri
32、stianitys immediate impact on seventh-century Britain. In this part of the Second Period, direct translation of Latin terms is characteristic. (6) Thus, the Late Latin trinitas (meaning three) is the Old English prines, and the Late Latin resurrectio (meaning resurrection) is the Old English aerist
33、(meaning to arise). Following that is the Third Period. The Third Period begins in 1066 with William the Conqueror. With the Norman invasion came their language, Norman French, which was related more closely to Latin than was English. Because of this closeness, (7) words adopted from French (usually
34、 of a more conversational character) are considered along with those drawn from Latin itself (often more learned, and first found in written language). The dual sources of Middle English vocabulary are still apparent today: word pairs such as example/exemplary and machine/machinate show the differen
35、ces between words with Norman and Latin roots. (8) This period is the first time that un-translated Latin words are introduced wholesale, in both prose and poetry. As one Latin-English translator complained in the early 1400s, There are many words in Latin that we have no proper English accordance.
36、Almost all of these terms passed into general use only after being reintroduced. Others still current were from Wycliffes Bible, and gained currency through constant use. The last period is the Modern Period. The Modern Period begins with the advent of Modern English, usually dated to 1500. By the t
37、ime of Thomas Eliot, the classical languages were entering English mostly as compounds, either with English or previously-assimilated words, or with her classical roots. An incomplete list of widely used classical roots includes -ation, -ana, -tie, -ism, ex-, co-, -ist, and de-, (9) while scientific
38、 English uses many more specialized ones: mille-, matri-, menti-, and reticul-, though these often come ultimately from the Greek. Latin roots are also apparent in commercial names, especially of high-tech companies, but also in many from the early days of this century. Classically derived names see
39、m to give credence to claims to knowledge and capability. As to Latins impact on English grammar, we have to say Latins contribution to modern English has not been based solely on derivatives. (10) The very ideas of grammar also came from the artificial structure of Classical Latin (the Latin used f
40、or poetry, oratory, and by the upper classes) . Early English was in no way an artificial or learned language, and had no grammar, no rules, nothing but conflicting precedent in everything: spelling, word order, declension, and conjugation. In this structural vacuum, those who wanted order were forc
41、ed to create it, which they did by imposing classical grammar on the language. These early grammarians are the source of the stigma on ending a phrase with a preposition, of the choice we have today between who/which and that as a relative pronoun, and with the absolute participle, whose first use i
42、n English was direct translation from the Latin. While the last is a benefit, the first two lead to unnaturally worded phrases, and have no justification other than classical grammar. So above all, Latin is so large a part of English that, even if we wanted to, we could not get rid of even one tenth
43、 of our words derived from it. Even our grammar, which has been influenced less than our vocabulary, would be amazingly different without its Latin base. Well, so much for todays lecture, in which we get a touch on some of the influences of Latin on English. Next time, we may move on to some interes
44、ting phenomena that appear in the language of English. See you next week. 【知识模块】 讲座 1 【正确答案】 civilization 【试题解析】 根据句 (1)可知，拉丁语对古英语的影响之所以深远是因为拉丁语被认为是一门高度发展的文明语言。故答案填 civilization。 【知识模块】 讲座 2 【正确答案】 substance 【试题解析】 英语从拉丁文中借鉴的不仅有词汇，还有语法；根据句 (2)可知，这些借鉴根据时间和内容的不同被分为五个阶段。故答案填 substance。 【知识模块】 讲座 3 【正确答
45、案】 commerce 【试题解析】 在零时期，日耳曼民族经常与罗马人往来，根据句 (3)可知，往来主要集中在军务、烹饪、贸易和商务这些方面，尤其是同酒商的商务贸易往来。故答案填 commerce。 【知识模块】 讲座 4 【正确答案】 place names 【试题解析】 在第一时期，大多数凯尔特语都没能逃脱被淘汰的命运，根据句 (4)可知，现代英语中的大多数凯尔特语要么是最近被引进的，要么就用作地名。故答案为 place names。 【知识模块】 讲座 5 【正确答案】 new religion 【试题解析】 第二时期被分为两个小的时期： the Early and the Benedi
46、ctine。根据句 (5)可知，前期有些拉丁文被借鉴到了英语当中用来描述在当时产生的新的宗教，以及涉及到家庭、教育方面的词汇。而根据文章内容所指，涉及到mass pope的例子正好对应的是 new religion，故为正确答案。 【知识模块】 讲座 6 【正确答案】 three 【试题解析】 作为第二时期的第二阶段的主要特征，即拉丁术语的直译，作者用了两个例子说明，即根据句 (6)可 知，一个是后拉丁文中的 trinitas，对应的是古英语中的 prines，都代表 “三 ”(three)的意思；而后拉丁文中的 resurrectio和古英语中的 aerist的意思相近，即 “复活，上升 ”
47、(resurrection)的意思。故答案为 three。 【知识模块】 讲座 7 【正确答案】 conversational 【试题解析】 在第三时期，随着法国诺曼人的入侵伴随而来的是他们的语言 诺曼法语。因为这种语言比英语更接近于拉丁文，因此中世纪的英语中都可以看到两种语言同时出现的情况，但两者也 各有特点，根据句 (7)可知，法语更有会话特点，而拉丁文更带有学术和书面语色彩。故答案填 conversational。 【知识模块】 讲座 8 【正确答案】 wholesale 【试题解析】 根据句 (8)可知，第三时期的另一个特点是，在这一时期，未被翻译过来的拉丁文首次被大规模地使用在诗歌和
48、散文中。故答案为 wholesale。 【知识模块】 讲座 9 【正确答案】 scientifically 【试题解析】 在最后一个时期也就是 The Modern Period，古典语言多伴随 一些复合词、或者词根出现。根据句 (9)可知，科学上往往使用一些更加专业的词根。根据前后文特点，可将原文中的 scientific改为副词形式，故答案为 scientifically。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【正确答案】 Classical Latin 【试题解析】 根据句 (10)可知，语法最初来源于古典拉丁语，故答案为 Classical Latin。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【听力原文】 Today I will focus on the issue of cultural understanding. With the increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of this globe, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. Then if we want to understand a foreign culture very well, what shou
