1、Designation: D4050 96 (Reapproved 2008)D4050 14Standard Test Method for(Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection WellTestsTesting for Determining Hydraulic Properties of AquiferSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4050; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field
3、 procedure for selecting well locations, controlling discharge change (discharge orinjectioninjection) rates, and measuring water levels used to analyze the hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers and adjacentconfining beds.1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical proced
4、ure such as Test Methods D4105 or D4106 to evaluate thedata and determine aquifer properties.1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures are selected as described in Guide D4043.1.4 LimitationsThe limitations of this test method are primarily related to the correspondence between the field s
5、ituationdetermined by this test method and the simplifying assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4105 or D4106 and D4043.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding e
6、stablished in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider
7、material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to cons
8、ider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
9、 the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies En
10、gaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determinin
11、g Hydraulic Propertiesof AquifersD4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky ConfinedAquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coeffic
12、ient of Nonleaky Confined1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008June 1, 2014. Published October 2008July 2014. Origin
13、ally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asD4050 96 (2008). (2002). DOI: 10.1520/D4050-96R08.10.1520/D4050-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume info
14、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately d
15、epict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internat
16、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4750D6026 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnica
17、l Data (Withdrawn 2010)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above and below by confining beds and in which the static head is above the topof the aquifer.3.1.2 confining beda hydrogeologic unit of less permeable material bounding one or more aquifers.3.1.3 control
18、wellwell by which the head and flow in the aquifer is changed, for example, by pumping, injection, or changeof head.3.1.4 hydraulic conductivity (field aquifer tests)the volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in a unittime under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit ar
19、ea measured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.5 observation wella well open to all or part of an aquifer.3.1.6 piezometera device used to measure hydraulic head at a point in the subsurface.3.1.7 specific storagethe volume of water released from or taken into storage per unit volume of th
20、e porous medium per unitchange in head.3.1.8 storage coeffcient the volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquiferper unit change in head. For a confined aquifer, the storage coefficient is equal to the product of the specific storage and aquifert
21、hickness. For an unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is approximately equal to the specific yield.3.1.9 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unit hydraulicgradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.1.10 For definition
22、s of other terms used in this test method, see Terminology D653.3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical terms in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes the field practices in conducting withdrawal and injection well tests.aquife
23、r performance testsby either withdrawal or injection through a well point. These methods involve changing the control well water level by either thewithdrawal of water from or injection of water to an aquifer through a control well and measurement of the water-level responsein the aquifer. The analy
24、sis of the data from this field practice is described in standards such as Test Methods D4105 and D4106.NOTE 1The injection of water into an aquifer may be regulated or require regulatory approvals. Withdrawal of contaminated waters may require thatthe removed water be properly treated prior to disc
25、harge.5. Significance and Use5.1 Withdrawal andor injection well test field procedures are used with appropriate analytical procedures in appropriatehydrogeological sites to determine transmissivity and storage coefficient of aquifers and hydraulic conductivity of confining beds.5.2 Practice D3740 p
26、rovides evaluation factors for the activities in this test method.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are ge
27、nerally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of tho
28、se factors.5.3 This test method may be limited due to the correspondence between the field situation determined by this test method andthe simplifying assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4106 or D4106 and D4043.6. Apparatus6.1 Various types of equipment can be used to withdraw or inject wate
29、r into the control well, measure withdrawal and injectionrates, and measure water levels. The test procedure may be conducted with different types of equipment to achieve similar results.The objectives to be achieved by the use of the equipment are given in this section and in Sections 7 and 8. The
30、selection ofequipment and measuring apparatus will be evaluated to ensure that sufficient accuracy and sensitivity will be provided for the laterevaluation of data by D4105 and D4106.6.2 Control WellDischarge or injection well test methods require that water be withdrawn from or injected into a sing
31、le well.This well, known as the control well, must be drilled and completed such that it transmits water to or from the aquifer (usuallythe entire thickness of the aquifer) at rates such that a measurable water level change will occur at observation wells. The controlwell should be as efficient as p
32、ossible, to reduce the head loss between the aquifer and the well. Well development should be ascomplete as possible to eliminate additional production of sand or silt and consequent changes in well efficiency and pumpingD4050 142water levels during the test. The cuttings from the control well shoul
33、d be described and recorded according to Practice D2488. Theanalytical method selected for analysis of the data may specify certain dimensions of the control well such as screen length anddepth of screen placement. Specific requirements for control wells may be given in standards for specific analyt
34、ical methods (see,for example, Test Methods D4105 and D4106).6.3 Observation Wells or PiezometersNumbers of observation wells and their distance from the control well and theirscreened interval may be dependent upon the test method to be employed. Refer to the analytical test method to be used forsp
35、ecifications of observation wells (see, for example, Test Methods D4105 and D4106).6.4 Control Well PumpA pump capable of withdrawal of a constant or predetermined variable rate of water from the controlwell. The pump and motor should be adequately sized for the designed pumping rate and lift. The p
36、ump or motor must be equippedwith a control mechanism to adjust discharge rate. In the case of diesel-, gasoline-, or natural-gas-fueled engines, throttle settingsshould allow for small adjustments in pumping rates. Pumps equipped with electric motors are usually controlled by adjusting backpressure
37、 on the pump through a gate valve in the discharge line. Take care to select a discharge rate small enough such that therate can be maintained throughout the test without fully opening the gate valve. If neither method of control is practical, split thedischarge and route part of the discharge back
38、to the well through a separate discharge line. If water is withdrawn, the dischargeshould be at a distance sufficiently away from the area to prevent recharging back into the aquifer being tested.6.5 Many aquifer tests are made at “sites of opportunity,” that is, using existing production wells as t
39、he control well and usingother existing wells for observation of water level. In such cases the locations and screened intervals of the wells should becompatible with the requirements of the method of test analysis.6.6 Water-Level Measurement EquipmentManual measurements can be made with a steel tap
40、e or electric tape as describedin Test Method tape, D4750, with a mechanical recorder linked to a float, or combination of pressure transducer and electronic datalogger. The accuracy of the water level measurement should be adequate to satisfy the requirements of D4105 and D4106.Generally a water le
41、vel accuracy of 0.254 cm should be adequate.6.6.1 Mechanical RecordersMechanical recorders employ a float in the well to produce a graphic record of water levelchanges. Early in the test, it may be difficult to distinguish small increments of time on the recorder chart, therefore the recordershould
42、be supplemented with additional early time measurements or by marking the trace of an automatic water-level recorderchart and recording the time by the mark. Check the mechanical recorder periodically throughout the test using the steel tape.6.6.2 Pressure Transducers and Electronic Data LoggersA co
43、mbination of a pressure transducer and electronic data loggercan provide rapid measurements of water-level change, and can be programmed to sample at reduced frequency late in the test.Select the pressure transducer to measure pressure changes equivalent to the range of expected water level changes.
44、 Check thetransducer in the field by raising and lowering the transducer a measured distance in the well. Also check the transducer readingsperiodically with a steel tape.6.6.3 Equipment used for measuring flows and water levels should have calibration records, or be calibrated for the test.6.7 Sand
45、 Content Measurement DeviceApparatus to measure the sand content in discharged water. Cone Types (for example,Imhoff) can be used for higher concentrations of sand in the discharge water and centrifugal sand separators (for example, Rossum)can be used for lower levels and are commercially available
46、and commonly used.6.8 Barometric PressureBarometric pressures should be determined and routinely logged, particularly if the test is of a longduration, such as over several days between the initial and final readings.7. Conditioning7.1 Pre-Test Procedures:7.1.1 Selecting Aquifer-Test MethodDevelop a
47、 conceptual model of the site hydrogeology and select the appropriate aquifertest method according to Guide D4043. Observe the requirements of the selected test method with regard to specifications for thecontrol well and observations wells.7.1.2 Field ReconnaissanceMake a field reconnaissance of th
48、e site before conducting the test to include as much detail aspossible on depth, continuity, extent, and preliminary estimates of the hydrologic properties of the aquifers and confining beds.Note the location of existing wells and water-holding or conveying structures that might interfere with the t
49、est. The control shouldbe equipped with a pipeline or conveyance structure adequate to transmit the water away from the test site, so that recharge is notinduced near the site. Make arrangements to ensure that nearby wells are turned off well before the test, and automatic pumpcontrols are disabled throughout the anticipated test period. Alternately, it may be necessary to pump some wells throughout thetest. If so, they should be pumped at a constant rate, and not started and stopped for a duration equal to that of the test before norshould they be started
