1、Designation: D6030 96 (Reapproved 2008)D6030 15Standard Guide forSelection of Methods for Assessing Groundwater or AquiferSensitivity and Vulnerability1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide covers information needed to select one or more methods for
3、assessing the sensitivity of groundwater or aquifersand the vulnerability of groundwater or aquifers to water-quality degradation by specific contaminants.1.2 This guide may not be all-inclusive; it offers a series of options and does not specify a course of action. It should not beused as the sole
4、criterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace professional judgment.1.3 This guide is to be used for evaluating sensitivity and vulnerability methods for purposes of land-use management,water-use management, groundwater protection, government regulation, and education. This guide incorporat
5、es descriptions ofgeneral classes of methods and selected examples within these classes but does not advocate anya particular method.1.4 LimitationsThe utility and reliability of the methods described in this guide depend on the availability, nature, and qualityof the data used for the assessment; t
6、he skill, knowledge, and judgment of the individuals selecting the method; the size of the siteor region under investigation; and the intended scale of resulting map products. Because these methods are being continuallydeveloped and modified, the results should be used with caution. These techniques
7、, whether or not they provide a specific numericvalue, provide a relative ranking and assessment of sensitivity or vulnerability. However, a relatively low sensitivity orvulnerability for an area does not preclude the possibility of contamination, nor does a high sensitivity or vulnerability necessa
8、rilymean that groundwater or an aquifer is contaminated.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established
9、 in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material v
10、ariation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider signi
11、ficant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the appli
12、cability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not
13、all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique as
14、pects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D
15、18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008Jan. 1, 2015. Published November 2008February 2015. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20022008as D603096(2002).
16、D603096(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D6030-96R08.10.1520/D6030-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This
17、 document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior edition
18、s as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. U
19、nited States1D5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Model to a Site-Specific ProblemD5490 Guide for Comparing Groundwater Flow Model Simulations to Site-Specific InformationD5549 Guide for The Contents of Geostatistical Site Investigation Report (Withdrawn 2002)3D5717 Guide for Design of
20、Ground-Water Monitoring Systems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn 2005)3D5880 Guide for Subsurface Flow and Transport Modeling (Withdrawn 2015)3D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany of the terms discussed in this guide are con
21、tained in For common definitions of terms in this standard,refer to Terminology D653. The reader should refer to this guide for definitions of selected terms.3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 groundwater region, nan extensive area where relatively uniform geology a
22、nd hydrology controls groundwatermovement.3.2.2 hydrogeologic setting, na composite description of all the major geologic and hydrologic features which affect andcontrol groundwater movement into, through, and out of an area (1).43.2.3 sensitivity, nin groundwater, the potential for groundwater or a
23、n aquifer to become contaminated based on intrinsichydrogeologic characteristics. Sensitivity is not dependent on land-use practices or contaminant characteristics. Sensitivity isequivalent to the term “intrinsic groundwater vulnerability” (2).3.2.3.1 DiscussionHydrogeologic characteristics include
24、the natural properties of the soil zone, unsaturated zone, and saturated zone.3.2.4 vulnerability, nin groundwater, the relative ease with which a contaminant can migrate to groundwater or an aquifer ofinterest under a given set of land-use practices, contaminant characteristics, and sensitivity con
25、ditions. Vulnerability is equivalentto “specific groundwater vulnerability.”4. Significance and Use4.1 Sensitivity and vulnerability methods can be applied to a variety of hydrogeologic settings, whether or not they containspecifically identified aquifers. However, some methods are best suited to as
26、sess groundwater within aquifers, while others assessgroundwater above aquifers or groundwater in areas where aquifers have not been identified.4.1.1 Intergranular media systems, including alluvium and terrace deposits, valley fill aquifers, glacial outwash, sandstones, andunconsolidated coastal pla
27、in sediments are characterized by intergranular flow, and thus generally exhibit slower and morepredictable groundwater velocities and directions than in fractured media. Such settings are amenable to assessment by the methodsdescribed in this guide. Hydrologic settings dominated by fracture flow or
28、 flow in solution openings are generally not amenableto such assessments, and application of these techniques to such settings may provide misleading or totally erroneous results.4.2 The methods discussed in this guide provide users with information for making land- and water-use management decision
29、sbased on the relative sensitivity or vulnerability of underlying groundwater or aquifers to contamination. Most sensitivity andvulnerability assessment methods are designed to evaluate broad regional areas for purposes of assisting federal, state, and localofficials to identify and prioritize areas
30、 where more detailed assessments are warranted, to design and locate monitoring systems,and to help develop optimum groundwater management, use and protection policies. However, some of these methods areindependent of the size of the area evaluated and, therefore, can be used to evaluate the aquifer
31、 sensitivity and vulnerability of anyaspecific area.4.3 Many methods for assessing groundwater sensitivity and vulnerability require information on soils, and for some types ofpotential groundwater contaminants, soil is the most important factor affecting contaminant movement and attenuation from th
32、eland surface to groundwater. The relatively large surface area of the clay-size particles in most soils and the soils content oforganic matter provide sites for the retardation and degradation of contaminants. Unfortunately, there are significant differencesin the definition of soil between the sci
33、ences of hydrogeology, engineering, and agronomy. For the purposes of this guide, soilsare considered to be those unconsolidated organic materials and solid mineral particles that have been derived from weatheringand are characterized by significant biological activity. In the United States, these T
34、hese typically include unconsolidated materialsthat occur to a depth of 2 to 3 m or more.4.3.1 In many areas, significant thicknesses of unconsolidated materials may occur below the soil. Retardation, degradation, andother chemical attenuation processes are typically less than in the upper soil hori
35、zons. These underlying materials may be the resultof depositional processes or may have formed in place by long-term weathering processes with only limited biological activity.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses
36、refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.D6030 152Therefore, when compiling the data required for assessing groundwater sensitivity and vulnerability, it is important to distinguishbetween the soil zone and the underlying sediments and to recognize that the two zones have significan
37、tly different hydraulic andattenuation properties.5. Description of Methods5.1 Hydrogeologic Settings and Scoring MethodsThis group of methods includes those that involve geologic mapping,evaluation, and scoring of hydrogeologic characteristics to produce a composite sensitivity map or composite vul
38、nerability map,or both. The methods range from purely descriptive of hydrogeologic settings to methods incorporating numerical scoring. Theycan include descriptive information or quantitative information, or both, and the maps can be applied as a “filter” to excludespecific hydrogeologic units from
39、further consideration or select sensitive areas for further study.5.1.1 The concept of assessing groundwater sensitivity and vulnerability is relatively recent and still developing. Thus, themethods presented differ because they have been developed for different purposes by different researchers usi
40、ng various types ofdata bases in several hydrogeologic settings. These methods have been divided into three groups: assessments using hydrogeologicsettings without scoring or rankings, assessments in which hydrogeologic setting information is combined with ranking or scoringof hydrologic factors, an
41、d assessments using scoring methods applied without reference to the hydrogeologic setting. The groupsare not exclusive but overlap. Each of these methods produces relative, not absolute, results whether or not it produces a numericalscore. Sensitivity analyses can be used as the basis for a vulnera
42、bility assessment by adding the information on potential point andnon-point contaminant sources.5.1.2 Hydrogeologic Settings, No Scoring or RankingHydrogeologic mapping has been widely used to provide aquifersensitivity information. This subgroup of methods includes those that generally present info
43、rmation as composite hydrogeologicmaps that can be used for multiple purposes. The maps can be used individually to make a variety of land-use decisions or usedas a basis for groundwater and aquifer sensitivity evaluations. Although derivative groundwater and aquifer sensitivity maps canbe prepared,
44、 anya geologic or hydrogeologic map could potentially be used to assess sensitivity. In settings where quantitative dataare lacking, hydrogeologic maps can allow the same conclusions, with the same level of confidence, as scoring methods.Hydrogeologic settings were mapped in detail without scoring o
45、r ranking in the Denver Colorado, United States area by Hearneand others (3).5.1.2.1 Sensitivity assessments based on hydrogeologic settings with no scoring or ranking can be used to assess groundwateror aquifer vulnerability by overlaying information on potential point or non-point contamination so
46、urces. For example, thesensitivity map included in Ref (3) has been used in combination with a series of maps entitled “Land Uses Which AffectGround-Water Management” (4) to conduct vulnerability assessments at specific sites within the greater Denver area.sites.5.1.3 Hydrogeologic Settings with Ran
47、king or Scoring, or BothThis group of methods includes those which assessgroundwater or aquifer sensitivity within or among various hydrogeologic settings using specific criteria to rank or score areasbeneath which the groundwater or aquifers have different potentials for becoming contaminated. The
48、assessment is usually basedon two or more hydrogeologic criteria. For example, material texture and depth to aquifer are parameters that are commonly usedto establish criteria (5-10). Criteria, once defined, can then be ranked or scored, or both.5.1.3.1 Assessing vulnerability from point and non-poi
49、nt sources of potential contamination (for example, leaking tanks, wastegenerators, landfills, and abandoned hazardous waste sites) is accomplished by mapping their location on a sensitivity map (forexample, numerous waste-generation sites in an area of low sensitivity would result in a relatively low vulnerability rank, all otherfactors being equal). This mapping method is particularly useful for evaluating the vulnerability of a large region. However, it canalso be used to target smaller areas of particular concern where more detailed investigations may be needed. F
