1、Designation: E 1136 93 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Specification forA Radial Standard Reference Test Tire1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for aradial-ply standard reference test tire. The tire covered by thisspe
3、cification is primarily for use as a reference for tire tractionperformance evaluations, but may also be used for otherevaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other teststhat require a reference tire.1.2 This specification also provides a standard design ofcertified construction, accurate
4、 dimensions, and specifies ameans of storage.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTension2D
5、1054 Test Method for Rubber Property-Resilience Usinga Goodyear-Healey Rebound Pendulum2D 1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber Products2D 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardness2D 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Comp
6、ounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets23. Design and Construction3.1 The standard reference test tire shall be size P195/75R14, current technology All Season tread design steel-beltedradial (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.2 The tire shall be designed to conform with the Tire andRim Association (T
7、RA) standard nominal dimensions andtolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in theCurrent Year Book.31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.Current edition approved March
8、15, 1993. Published July 1993. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1988 as E 1136 88.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.3Available from the Tire and Rim Association, 175 Montrose West Ave., Suite150, Copely, OH 44321.FIG. 1 Front View of a Radial Reference Tire1Copyr
9、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by theUniroyal Goodrich Tire Company, Inc.4The tire is stamped onthe sidewall with the words: “Standard Reference Test Tire.”4. Materials
10、and Manufacture4.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall con-form to the manufacturers design standards. Dimensions,weights, and permissible variations are given in Section 7 andTable 1 and Table 2.4.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all the stepsin tire manufacturing shall be
11、 controlled to ensure minimumvariability between tires.4.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originallymolded without any tread grinding or repairs.5. Material Requirements5.1 The requirements for tread compound are given in Table1.5.1.1 Certain proprietary products have been specified si
12、nceexact duplication of properties of the finished tire may not beachieved with other similar products. This inclusion does not inany way comprise a recommendation for these proprietaryproducts, nor against similar products of other manufacturers,nor does it imply any superiority over any such simil
13、arproducts.5.2 The tire shall be of the following construction:5.2.1 One-ply sidewall (polyester), and5.2.2 A three-ply tread (one polyester and two steel belts).6. Physical Properties6.1 The physical properties of the tread compound are listedin Table 2.7. Dimensions, Weights, and Permissible Varia
14、tions7.1 Details of dimensions are listed as follows and areshown in Fig. 3. When tolerances are not specified, tiredimensions are subject to manufacturers normal tolerances.4Available from Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company, Inc., Opelika Plant, P.O. Box30, Opelika, AL 36801, Attn: Development Qualific
15、ation Center SRTT Manager.FIG. 2 Side View of a Radial Reference TireTABLE 1 Formulation of Oil-Extended Styrene-Butadiene BR (75/25) Blend Rubber TreadCompoundPartsby MassSBR 1778A12.38SBR 1502B66.00CIS 1-PolybutadieneC25.00N351 blackD64.00Naphthenic oil 17.13Zinc oxide 5.00Stearic acid 1.506 PPDE1
16、.50TMQF2.00Antidegradant wax 0.50Tackifying hydrocarbon resin 2.00TBBSG0.80DPGH0.25Sulfur 1.90AStyrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % Styrene) contains 27.5 parts of naphthenicoil.BStyrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % Styrene).CCIS Content 95 % min.DN351 carbon black, see Classification D 1765.En-1,3-Dimethyl
17、butyl-N8-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine.FPolymerized,1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline.GN-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide.HDiphenylquanidine.TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Tread CompoundTensile sheet cure, min at 320F (160C) 15Stress at 300 % elongation psi (MPa) 1650 6 150(11.4 6 1.0)Tensile stre
18、ngth, min, psi (MPa) 2200 (15.2)Elongation, min % 420Durometer hardnessA65 + 4/1Restored energy (rebound or resilience) 39 6 2AMeasured on tire tread.FIG. 3 Tire Cross Section, Including Inflated Tire DimensionsE 1136 93 (2003)27.1.1 Inflated Dimensions and Cured Cord AnglesThetread width shall be 5
19、.40 in. (137.2 mm) and the cross-sectionaltread radius shall be 13.0 6 2.0 in. (330.2 6 50.8 mm). Thetread radius is measured using the three point drop method (seeFig. 4 for an example of how the measurement is taken). Thetire shall have a nominal cross-section width of 7.72 in. (196.1mm), and a no
20、minal outside diameter of 25.51 in. (648.0 mm)when mounted on a TRA design rim width (14 3 5.5 JJ). Thecured cord angles shall be 90 6 2 for the carcass and 21.0 62 for the belts.7.1.2 RibsThe tire shall have five ribs.7.1.3 GroovesThe tire shall have four circumferentialgrooves having a minimum gro
21、ove depth of 0.365 in. (9.3mm).7.1.4 Wear IndicatorsThere shall be wear indicators ineach groove, laterally across the tread width in six locations,spaced uniformly around the tire circumference. The height ofthe wear indicators in the grooves shall be 0.063 in. (1.6 mm).NOTE 1Groove depth is not to
22、 be measured at these wear indicators.8. Workmanship8.1 Tires shall be free of defects in workmanship andmaterial.9. Test Methods9.1 Preparation of Tensile Sheet Cure, shall be in accor-dance with Practice D 3182.9.2 Stress at 300 % Elongation, shall be in accordance withTest Methods D 412.9.3 Tensi
23、le Sheet Hardness, shall be in accordance with TestMethod D 2240, using a Type A, Shore durometer.9.4 Restored Energy (Rebound or Resilience), shall be inaccordance with Test Method D 1054.9.5 Tensile Strength, shall be in accordance with TestMethods D 412.9.6 Elongation, shall be in accordance with
24、 Test MethodsD 412.9.7 Tire Tread Hardness, shall be in accordance with TestMethod D 2240 in addition to the following:9.7.1 Use a Type A, Shore durometer that has an 0.5-in.(12.7-mm) diameter presser foot.59.7.2 Calibrate the durometer at a reading of 60 hardness.9.7.3 Condition the tire and the du
25、rometer to an equilibriumof 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) before determining the treadhardness.9.7.4 Determine the tire-tread hardness by averaging at leastfour readings. Take these readings in the center of each rib,excluding the center rib. It is recommended that additional setsof readings be taken around
26、 the tread circumference.9.7.5 Apply the presser foot to the tire tread, as rapidly aspossible without shock, keeping the foot parallel to the treadsurface. Apply just enough pressure to obtain firm contactbetween the presser foot and the tire-tread surface. Read thedurometer scale within 1 s after
27、the presser foot has madecontact with the tire tread, but after the initial maximumtransient needle deflection that may occur immediately aftercontact is made.10. Certification10.1 Upon request, the manufacturer shall furnish to thepurchaser certification that the test tire meets this specification.
28、10.2 All tires under certification shall be subject to themanufacturers normal variation.11. Storage and Preservation11.1 The tires shall be stored under dry atmospheric condi-tions at an average temperature of 65 6 5F (18 6 3C). Theozone level in the storage area shall not exceed 5 parts/108(or5 MP
29、a partial pressure), and no tires shall be stored within 30ft (9.1 m) of electrical motors or other ozone generatingequipment. Storage of the tires shall also be in subdued light,with the tires stacked unbundled, no more than eight tires highon a pallet.12. Recommendations for Tire Use and Operation
30、alRequirements12.1 It is recommended that the tire be used as a referencefor performance evaluations (that is, traction, noise, pavementroughness, and and so forth).12.2 The tire shall be mounted on a 5.50 6 0.5-in. (139.7 612.7-mm) width rim (14 3 5.5 JJ recommended).12.3 When irregular wear or dam
31、age results from tests, orwhen wear influences the test results, the use of the tire shall bediscontinued.12.4 (WarningTest results such as measured frictionforce may be influenced by tire groove depth or tread hardness,or both. The magnitude of this dependence is a function of thewater depth, pavem
32、ent characteristics, test speed, tire agingeffects, and break-in.)13. Keywords13.1 airport runway friction; fixed slip; standard tire; tirepavement friction5Shore model XAHAF has been found suitable.FIG. 4 Measuring the Tread Radius Using the Three Point DropMethodE 1136 93 (2003)3ASTM International
33、 takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their ow
34、n responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be ad
35、dressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, a
36、t the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1136 93 (2003)4
