1、Designation: E1416 16E1416 16aStandard Practice forRadioscopic Examination of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in thispractice are intended to cont
3、rol the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or qualityof welds.1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented ona display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examina
4、tion may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fullyautomated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchaseorder, product specification
5、, or drawings.1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld fromseveral directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniquesdescribed in this practice provide
6、adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for specialapplications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. Theuse of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and s
7、upplier.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this stand
8、ard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE543 Specification for Agencies Pe
9、rforming Nondestructive TestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicato
10、rs (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of WeldmentsE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Rad
11、ioscopic DataE1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination DataE1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in RadiologyE1734 Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestru
12、ctive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 15, 2016. Published August 2016January 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20092016 asE1416 - 09.E1416 - 16. DOI: 10.1520/
13、E1416-16.10.1520/E1416-16A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM stand
14、ard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
15、 only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE2002 Practice for Determining Total Im
16、age Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and RadioscopyE2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays2.2 ASNT Standards:3ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualific
17、ation and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 National Aerospace Standard:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel2.4 Other Standards:ISO 9712 Non-Destructive
18、 TestingQualification and Certification of NDT Personnel5SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy RecordingCameras3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this practice may be found in Terminology E131
19、6.4. Apparatus4.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on the overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate subsystemcomponents. Guidance on the selection of sub-system components and the overall system configuration is provided in Guide E1000and Practice E1255. Guidance on the
20、 initial qualification and periodic re-qualification of the radioscopic system is provided inPractice E1411. The suitability of the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality andcompliance with all other requirements stipulated herein; unless otherwise speci
21、fied by the cognizant engineering organization, thedefault image quality level shall be 2-2T.4.2 Radiation Source (X-ray or Gamma-ray)Selection of the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding theweld being examined, such as material composition and thickness.The suitability of the so
22、urce shall be demonstrated by attainmentof the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of theradiation source may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255.4.3 Manipulation SystemSelection of the appropriate manipulation system
23、(where applicable) is dependent upon variablessuch as the size and orientation of the object being examined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, and smoothnessof motion. The suitability of the manipulation system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality andcompli
24、ance with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipulation system may be found inPractice E1255.4.4 Imaging SystemSelection of the appropriate imaging system is dependent upon variables such as the size of the objectbeing examined and the energy and intensity o
25、f the radiation used for the examination. The suitability of the imaging system shallbe demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein.Guidance on the selection of an imaging system may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255.
26、4.5 Image Processing SystemWhere agreed between purchaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used for noisereduction through image integration or averaging, contrast enhancement and other image processing operations.4.6 CollimationSelection of appropriate collimation is dependent upon the
27、 geometry of the object being examined. It isgenerally useful to select collimation to limit the primary radiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent base materialin order to improve radioscopic image quality.4.7 Filters and MaskingFilters and masking may be used to improve image quality
28、from contrast reductions caused bylow-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filters and masking can be found in Guide E94.4.8 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, image quality indicatorsshall comply with the design and identi
29、fication requirements specified in Practices E747, E1025, E1647, E1742, or E2002.4.9 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like SectionsShims, separate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopicallysimilar materials (as defined in Practice E1025) may be used to facilitate image quality indicator
30、positioning as described in 9.10.3.The like section should be geometrically similar to the object being examined.3 Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4 Available from Aerospace Industries Association of A
31、merica, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.5 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1416
32、16a24.10 Location and Identification MarkersLead numbers and letters should be used to designate the part number and locationnumber. The size and thickness of the markers shall depend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discern the markers onthe images.As a general rule, markers from 0.06
33、 to 0.12 in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most low energy (less than 1 MeV)X-ray and iridium192 radioscopy. For higher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt60) radioscopy, it may be necessary to usemarkers that are thicker (0.12 in. (3 mm) thick or more). In cases where the system being used
34、 provides a display of object positionwithin the image, this shall be acceptable as identification of object location. In case of digital storage of the images, digital markersand annotations in the image may be used if they are stored permanently with the image.5. Materials5.1 Recording MediaRecord
35、ing media for storage of images shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser and supplier. Thismay include either analog or digital media.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel Qualification NDT personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnelqualification practice
36、 or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document. Thepractice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIf specified in the contr
37、actual agreement, NDTagencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.3 Performance MeasurementRadioscopic examination system performance parameters must be determined initially andmonitor
38、ed regularly to ensure consistent results. The best measure of total radioscopic examination system performance can bemade with the system in operation, using a test object similar to the test part under actual operating conditions. This indicates theuse of an actual or simulated test object or cali
39、bration block containing actual or simulated features that must be detected reliably.Such a calibration block will provide a reliable indication of the radioscopic examination systems capabilities. Conventional wireor plaque-type image quality indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in additio
40、n to, the simulated test object or calibrationblock. Performance measurement methods are subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopicexamination services.services; if no special agreements are done the performance shall be measured in accordance with 6.3.2,6.3.3, 6.3.4
41、or combinations thereof, or Practice E1411 or Appendix X1 of E1255.6.3.1 Performance Measurement IntervalsSystem performance measurement techniques should be standardized so thatperformance measurement tests may be duplicated readily at specified intervals. Radioscopic examination performance should
42、 beevaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopicexamination services, in order to minimize the possibility of time-dependent performance variations.6.3.2 Measurement with IQIsSystem performance measurements using IQIs shall
43、be in accordance with accepted industrystandards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should be placed on the radiation source side of the test object, as close as possibleto the region of interest. The use of wire IQIs should also take into account the fact that the radioscopic examination may exhi
44、bitasymmetrical sensitivity, in which case the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the systems axis of least sensitivity.Selection of IQI thickness should be consistent with the test part radiation path length.6.3.3 Measurement With a Calibration BlockThe calibration block may be an actual te
45、st part with known features that arerepresentative of the range of features to be detected, or it may be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitable range ofrepresentative features. Alternatively, the calibration block may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test objectcontainin
46、g known imperfections that have been verified independently. Calibration blocks containing known, natural defects areuseful on a single-task basis, but they are not universally applicable. A duplicate manufactured calibration block should be usedwhere standardization among two or more radioscopic ex
47、amination systems is required. The calibration blocks should approximatethe test object as closely as is practical, being made of the same material with similar dimensions and features in the radioscopicexamination region of interest. Manufactured calibration blocks shall include features at least a
48、s small as those that must bedetected reliably in the actual test object in locations where they are expected to occur. It is permissible to produce the calibrationblock in sections where features are internal to the test object. Calibration block details are a matter of agreement between thepurchas
49、er and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.6.3.3.1 Use of a Calibration BlockThe calibration block shall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in the sameposition as the actual test object. The calibration block may be manipulated through the same range of motions as are availablefor the actual test object so as to maximize the radioscopic examination systems response to the simulated imperfections.6.3.3.2 Radioscopic Examination TechniquesTechniques used for the calibration block shall be identical to those used foractual examination o
