1、Designation: F 1280 90 (Reapproved 1999)Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of OilspillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Impermeable Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1280; the number immediately following the designation indicat
2、es the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oilspill disper
3、sants to assistin the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goalof minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goalis the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered although theseand other factors are often importan
4、t in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. Itis not considered as a last resort after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is a general g
5、uide only. If assumes the oil to bedispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regula-tions. In the case of impermeable surfaces, the dispersant mayact as a detergent. In the assessment of environmental sensi-tivity, it is a
6、ssumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in thenatural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crudeoils and refined petroleum products. Differences betweenindividual dispersants or between different oil products are notconsidered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example,
7、small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. Itconsiders the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitatsfrom impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them aftera spill takes place.1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments. It does not consider the direct
8、 application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
9、user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.2.2
10、 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circum-stances.3. Environment CoveredImpermeable Surfaces3.1 Impermeable ground includes any soil, rock, hard pan orother natural surface that does not readily permit the passage ofwater and oil.3.2 Impermeable structures include man-made surfacessuch a
11、s paved roads and parking lots.4. Background4.1 The effects of oil on animals inhabiting impermeableground is not fully known, but is suspected to be minimal asmost animals on such surfaces are mobile and would avoid theoil.24.2 Plants inhabiting impermeable ground may be ecologi-cally important.4.3
12、 Oil and dispersants will ultimately run off an imperme-able surface. The environment receiving runoff should beconsidered. As an example, experience with spills on imper-meable surfaces included runoff into a permeable zone andextensive groundwater contamination.34.4 A laboratory experiment has sho
13、wn that explosionpotential is increased by using dispersants on fuel spills insewers.4It is not known whether these results are applicable tofull scale sewer systems.5. General Considerations for Making Dispersant UseDecisions5.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as most1This guide is und
14、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Feb. 23, 1990. Published April 1990.2W. B. McGill, and D. Bergstrom, “Inland Oil Spills and their Impacts onLand, Stres
15、s on Land in Canada, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa,Ont., 1983, pp. 153181.3A. J. Smith, “Success and Failures with Oil Spills in Southeastern InlandWaters, Proceedings of the 1973 Conference on Prevention and Control of OilSpills, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1973, p
16、p. 583588.4M. F. Fingas, K. A. Hughes, and A. M. Bobra, “The Behaviour of Dispersed andNondispersed Fuels in a Sewer System, Oil Dispersants: New EcologicalApproaches, ASTM STP 1018, ASTM, 1989, pp. 274289.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.others
17、 one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce theadverse effects of spilled oil on certain biological species at theexpense of other components of the ecosystem.5.2 In most cases the mortality of individual creatures is ofless concern than the destruction of habitat. The repopulationof areas
18、 after the spill will occur naturally when an areabecomes a suitable habitat for a given species.6. Recommendations6.1 Oil or dispersed oil on impermeable surfaces may runoff to other environments. The effects of oil or dispersed oil onimpermeable surfaces are largely unknown, but are thought tobe m
19、inimal. The use of dispersant can assist in cleaning of thesurface and allow for the selection of the receiving environ-ment.6.2 The effects of oil on impermeable structures may beconsiderable; dispersants may reduce the effect of these.6.3 Dispersants should never be used if the runoff can reachgro
20、undwater, especially that used for drinking water.7. Keywords7.1 dispersants; freshwater; impermeable; inland; oil spill;oilspill dispersants; road surfacesThe American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectionwith any ite
21、m mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical com
22、mittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
23、 responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W
24、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individualreprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (http:/www.astm.org).F 12802
