1、Designation: F2291 16F2291 17Standard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design of amusement rides, devices and major modifications to amusement ridesand devices manufactur
3、ed after the effective date of publication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for example, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operat
4、ed rides,1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purposeful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in the waterand involves more than incidental patron water contact (for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactive aquatic playdevices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devic
5、es whose design criteria are specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected by a major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors and electrical components of amusement rides and devices provided theoriginal design an
6、d safety criteria are maintained or enhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effective date of publication of this practice if the design is service provenor previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride, device or major
7、 modification, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven or previously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.10.3 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifications to amusement rides and devices may qualify as “previouslycompliant” for five years following the date of publicatio
8、n of this practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices, and majormodifications to amusement rides and devices must qualify as “service proven” or meet the requirements of this practice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), which provides additional information (for example, rationale
9、, background,interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) to improve the users understanding and application of the criteria presentedin this practice. The annex information shall be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory), which provid
10、es additional information (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth.) to improve the users understanding and application of thecriteria presented in this practice. The appendix information shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This st
11、andard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.6 This international stand
12、ard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This p
13、ractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 on Amusement Rides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 on Designand Manufacture.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016June 1, 2017. Published January 2017August 2017. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edi
14、tion approved in 20152016 asF2291 15.F2291 16. DOI: 10.1520/F2291-16.10.1520/F2291-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
15、adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices that are Outside the Purview of Other F24 Design StandardsF1193
17、Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Construction of Amusement Rides and DevicesF2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and DevicesF2374 Practice for Design, Manufacture, Operation, and Maintenance of Inflatable Amusement Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3S
18、TP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7th Volume2.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318) and Commentary (318R)2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design Standard for ASD Desig
19、nNDS 2005 National Design Specification for Wood Construction2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load 1998- Hydraulic Fluid Power - General Rules Relating to Systems2.24 SAE Standards:26SAE 100R4SAE J518 Hydrau
20、lic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and Hose Connections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Use and Fluid PowerPorts and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads and O-Ring SealingPart 3: Light-Duty (L-Series) Stud Ends14 Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN
21、- DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany.15 Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue de Stassart, B - 1050 Brussels.16 Available from FM Global at http:/ Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 1
22、200 New Jersey Ave., SE, West Building, Washington, DC 20590, http:/www.nhtsa.gov.18 Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.19 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
23、 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.20 Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue de Varemb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.21 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56
24、, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.22 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509823 Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.24 Available from
25、 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.25 Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Mayfair Rd., Milwaukee, WI 532223219.26 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.F22
26、91 173SAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.25 SIA Standards:27SIA 260 Basics of Planning Structural Design ProjectsSIA 261 Actions on Structures2.26 UL Standards:28UL 508A Industrial Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acceleration, impactthose acceleratio
27、ns with duration of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, sustainedthose accelerations with duration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic modeability, after initialization, of the amusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. with limited orno operator intervention.3.1.4 control s
28、tationa location where buttons, switches or other controls are provided for the purpose of operating rideequipment.3.1.5 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and describes the configuration of the amusement ride or device, establishesstrength and fatigue life, designs and develops electrical/e
29、lectronic control systems, and defines inspection criteria.3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronic systems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electricalrefers to logic functions performed by electromechanical techniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motor driven
30、timers,and so forth), Electronic refers to logic functions performed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid state logic, solid staterelay, and so forth), and Programmable Electronic System refers to logic performed by programmable or configurable devices (forexample, Programmable Logic Contro
31、ller (PLC). Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working together forprotective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.8 fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement ride or device, or component thereof
32、, that is designed such that the normal andexpected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.9 filter corner frequency (Fn)with reference to a low-pass filter, Fn is the frequency (specified in Hz) where the frequencyresponse curve of the filter has magnitude of 3 dB.3.1.10 force limitingwhen pe
33、rtaining to restraint devices, a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force available fromthe system actuators, limits the amount of force applied to the patron(s).3.1.11 hand modeability of the amusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.12
34、 latchingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, held secure against opening except by intentional action of the patron,operator, or other means. This can include restraints (for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents or other means.3.1.13 lockingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, he
35、ld securely against opening except by intentional action of the operatoror other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.14 manual releasewhen pertaining to restraint devices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows for opening thepatron restraint.3.1.15 manufacturerparty producing the amusemen
36、t ride or device, performing major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.16 operating modea defined behavior of an amusement ride or device with a corresponding set of rules or interlocks thatare implemented in control systems as required.3.1.17 patron clearance envelopepatron reach
37、 envelope plus a margin of 3 in.3.1.18 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement ride or device that accommodate the patron for the purpose of riding theride or device. This may include but is not limited to the seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the patron(s), floors, objectswithin th
38、e vicinity of the patron(s), restraint systems, and cages.3.1.19 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reach during a ride cycle while properly positioned, as defined by the rideanalysis, in the amusement ride or device and limited only by the vehicle, seat geometry, and restraint system.3.1.20
39、previously compliantamusement ride or device, or major modification to an amusement ride or device, of which thedesign meets the ASTM Standard in place at the time of its design.27 Available from Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Selnaustrasse 16, CH-8027 Zrich.28 Available from Underwriter
40、s Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F2291 1743.1.21 primary circulation areaareas leading directly to the entrance and exit of a ride that are normally traveled by patrons.These areas would not include emergency exit routes, maintenance areas, or other ar
41、eas not normally on the route of the patron.3.1.22 restraintsystem, device, or characteristic that is intended to inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s) while onthe amusement ride or device.3.1.23 safety-related control system (SRCS)an assembly of components that monitor and control the a
42、musement ride or devicesuch that it: (1) mitigates hazards to persons; or (2) has the capability to block or otherwise alter the performance of systems thatimplement safety features. Components may include without limitation electronic, electric, electro-mechanical, hydraulic,pneumatic or mechanical
43、 devices, or combinations thereof.3.1.24 service provenan amusement ride, device, or major modification to an amusement ride or device of which (1) unit(s)have been in service to the public for a minimum of five years, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done so without anysignificant des
44、ign related failures or significant design related safety issues that have not been mitigated.3.1.25 service proven practicea policy or procedure used in association with an amusement ride or device, which (1) has beenin service to the public for a minimum of five years, and (2) has done so without
45、any significant safety related issues that havenot been mitigated.3.1.26 supervising companiona person on a ride or device who is qualified by a reasonable age or other means to understandrider instructions, assist a patron or child under 48 in. in height in complying with rider instructions, and wh
46、o meets all othercriteria for riding.3.1.27 use casea purpose for which equipment is used by persons or external systems. Examples of common use cases includebut are not limited to entertaining patrons, supporting routine maintenance, and programming for creative intent. Use cases andoperating modes
47、 may or may not have a one-to-one correspondence.3.1.28 zone of operator awarenessarea defined by the sights, sounds, and other stimuli an operator can reasonably be expectedto monitor from their specified location(s) relative to the amusement ride or device that they are operating. The zone of oper
48、atorawareness could include multiple, noncontiguous portions of a ride-vehicle path. Information provided by remote audio or videomonitoring devices may be part of the zone of operator awareness.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide designers, engineers, manufacturers
49、, owners, and operators with criteria andreferences for use in designing amusement rides and devices or a major modification for amusement rides or devices.5. General Design Criteria5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The designer/engineer shall perform and document a ride analysis that illustrates how hazards to persons have beenmanaged. The documentation shall include but not be limited to the following:5.1.1.1 An identification of the scope of the analysis. The scope shall describe the equipment considered by the an
