1、AWS F1.3M:2006An American National StandardA SamplingStrategy Guidefor EvaluatingContaminantsin the WeldingEnvironment550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS F1.3M:2006An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 6, 2006A Sampling Strategy Guidefor Evaluati
2、ng Contaminantsin the Welding EnvironmentSupersedes AWS F1.3:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) Project Committee on Fumes and GasesUnder the Direction of theAWS Committee on Safety and HealthApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide provides advice on contaminants that
3、may be present in the welding environment, and presents a strategy forcollecting valid samples from the welders breathing zone. Recommendations for fume analysis for various elementsfound in AWS filler metal specifications are presented in a table. A checklist to use in observing the workplace ispro
4、vided in Annex B.iiAWS F1.3M:2006International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-052-8American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2006 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced,
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6、cational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS F1.3M:2006Statement on the Use of American Welding Socie
7、ty StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS Ame
8、rican National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandard
9、s must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exis
10、ts, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve
11、 consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any inju
12、ry to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of a
13、ny informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents
14、should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest e
15、dition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the
16、 use of this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Off
17、icial interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries m
18、ade concerning AWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particularindividuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinions or
19、interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as asubstitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Safety and Health Committee. It must be reviewed everyfive years, and if not revised, it must be either rea
20、ffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, ordeletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Safety and Health Committee andthe author
21、 of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attendall meetings of the AWS Safety and Health Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal ofan adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Oper
22、ation of the Technical ActivitiesCommittee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS F1.3M:2006vAWS F1.3M:2006Personnel*AdvisorAWS Safety and Health CommitteeD. E. Clark, Chair Idaho National
23、 Engineering and Environmental LaboratoryJ. M. Antonini, 1st Vice Chair National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthJ. D. Jennings, 2nd Vice Chair Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyM. S. Anderson ConsultantK. Bancroft U.S. Geological Surve
24、yK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Company*D. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyS. R. Fiore Edison Welding Institute*O. J. Fisher Consultant*J. F. Hinrichs Friction Stir Link, IncorporatedS. F. Kane Brookhaven National LaboratoryK. A. Lyttle Praxair, IncorporatedA. F. Manz A. F. Manz Associates*M.
25、T. Neu Caterpillar, IncorporatedA. A. Odermatt Hobart Brothers*R. J. Simonton U.S. Department of Energy*D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine*R. J. Tucker Consultant*R. M. Tuggle U.S. Department of Energy*M. E. Wallace U.S. Public Health ServiceAWS Subcommittee o
26、n Fumes and GasesK. A. Lyttle, Chair Praxair, IncorporatedS. R. Fiore, Vice Chair Edison Welding InstituteS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding Society*H. J. Bagnall Consultant*G. C Barnes ConsultantK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Company*W. J. Brutsche Ohio BWC/Safety and Hygiene*H. R. Castner
27、 Edison Welding InstituteD. E. Clark Idaho National Engineering LaboratoryJ. W. Dimler JWD Associates*W. H. Drake, Jr. S.W. Missouri State UniversityD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric Company*P. J. Hewitt University of BradfordJ. J. Palach Pal-Tech Consulting Services*J. W. Tackett ConsultantR. B. Smit
28、h Select-Arc*M. E. Wallace U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesA. M. Zhivov U.S. Army Corps of EngineersThis page is intentionally blank.viAWS F1.3M:2006viiAWS F1.3M:2006ForewordThis foreword is not a part of AWS F1.3M:2006, A Sampling Strategy Guide for EvaluatingContaminants in the Welding
29、 Environment, but is included for informational purposes only.Based on a need for sampling and analytical information about welding fumes and gases expressed by industry, theAmerican Welding Society compiled a listing of recommended fume analyses for each filler metal specification. Thedocument was
30、developed by the AWS Fumes and Gases Committee in 1983, calling on the expertise of weldingengineers and industrial hygienists. Table 1 has been updated to reflect the most recent AWS filler metal specifications.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should b
31、e sent to the Secretary,AWS Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS F1.3M:2006ixAWS F1.3M:2006Table of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword viiList of Tables x1. Scope, Purpose, and Application .11.1 Scope11
32、.2 Purpose 11.3 Application 12. Referenced Documents .13. Abbreviations and Definitions24. Initial Evaluation.35. Visual Observation of the Workplace .35.1 Location .35.2 Process Factors 45.3 Human Factors.45.4 Protective Equipment.45.5 Engineering Controls.45.6 Environmental Conditions.46. Material
33、 Inventory and Analytical Investigation.47. Obtaining a Representative Sample 57.1 Selection of Employees .57.2 Length of Sampling Time57.3 Number of Samples .128. Determination of Compliance 128.1 True Average ExposureDaily Basis.128.2 Grab Sampling Statistics .13Annex A (Informative)References .15
34、Annex B (Informative)Observing the Workplace: A Checklist.17Annex C (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.19xAWS F1.3M:2006List of TablesTable Page No.1 Recommended Constituent Sampling for Specific Welding Consumables 62 Gaseous Contaminants Associated with Specific Pro
35、cesses .123 Compliance t Values for Permissible Exposure Limits.13AWS F1.3M:200611. Scope, Purpose, and Application1.1 Scope. This guide presents an overall samplingstrategy for the following purposes:1. Determining the contaminants that might bepresent in significant quantities in a given weldingen
36、vironment;2. Deciding which of these contaminants should besampled and analyzed; and3. Selecting a strategy for collecting samples that willprovide valid, accurate measurements of workers expo-sure to various contaminants.Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond thescope of this standard, an
37、d therefore are not fullyaddressed herein. Safety and health information is avail-able from other sources, including, but not limited to,ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and AlliedProcesses and applicable federal and state regulations.This standard makes sole use of the International Systemof
38、 Units (SI).1.2 Purpose. This guide is primarily directed toward arcwelding, but the approach is considered to be useful forother welding and allied processes as well. It is notmandatory; however, it does present the best judgmentof experienced professionals. Guidance on the detailsof sampling and a
39、nalysis for specific contaminants iscontained in other AWS publications, listed in Annex A.As further information concerning the welding environ-ment becomes available, the guide will be updated.1.3 Application. The welding environment is very com-plex. Contaminants in the form of fumes (particulate
40、s)and gases can be generated in the process itself and insurrounding areas. The type and quantity of contami-nants generated are functions of many factors including,but not limited to, the process, process variables, numberof process stations, consumables employed, base mate-rials, and surface prepa
41、ration. These contaminants mayhave an effect on persons in the welding environment,ranging from mere nuisance to severe toxicity. A veryfew may be potentially carcinogenic.To sample and analyze for every contaminant known tooccur in welding environments is a difficult task andgenerally an unnecessar
42、y one. The safety and health pro-fessional responsible for monitoring worker exposure towelding contaminants has the need for a rationale bywhich the specific contaminants that are likely to occurin significant quantities in a particular welding environ-ment can be anticipated. After deciding which
43、contami-nants are likely to be significant, the professional needsto formulate a strategy for sampling the welding environ-ment. This sampling strategy involves questions such as:where to sample, who to sample, how to sample, howlong to sample, how many samples to take, and for whatcontaminants to a
44、nalyze. The goal of such sampling is toobtain a valid, accurate measurement of worker exposurewithin a reasonable expenditure of time, resources, andeffort.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following AWS standards1are referenced in themandatory section of this document.1. AWS F1.1, Methods for Sampling
45、 Airborne Par-ticulates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes2. AWS A5.1/A5.1M, Specification for Carbon SteelElectrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding3. AWS A5.2, Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding4. AWS A5.3/A5.3M, Specification for Aluminumand Aluminum A
46、lloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal ArcWelding1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.A Sampling Strategy Guide for EvaluatingContaminants in the Welding EnvironmentAWS F1.3M:200625. AWS A5.4/A5.4M, Specification for StainlessSteel Electrode
47、s for Shielded Metal Arc Welding6. AWS A5.5, Specification for Low-Alloy SteelElectrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding7. AWS A5.6, Specification for Covered Copper andCopper Alloy Arc Welding Electrodes8. AWS A5.7, Specification for Copper and CopperAlloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes9. AWS A5.8
48、/A5.8M, Specification for Filler Metalsfor Brazing and Braze Welding10. AWS A5.9, Specification for Bare Stainless SteelWelding Electrodes and Rods11. AWS A5.10/A5.10M, Specification for BareAluminum and Aluminum Alloy Welding Electrodes andRods12. AWS A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel andNicke
49、l-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal ArcWelding13. AWS A5.12/A5.12M, Specification for Tungstenand Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding andCutting14. AWS A5.13, Specification for Surfacing Elec-trodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding15. AWS A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel andNickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods16. AWS A5.15, Specification for Welding Electrodesand Rods for Cast Iron17. AWS A5.16/A5.16M, Specification for Titaniumand Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods18. AWS A5.17/A5.17M, Specification for CarbonSteel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerg
