1、Membrane Applications for Water Reuse Manual of Water Supply Practices M62 First Edition Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks 1P 450 30062 4/18 www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members
2、provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. M62 R everse osmosis (RO) membranes have been used in water reuse since the 1960s; however, the use of membranes in full-scale reuse applications has changed dramatically. Th
3、e goal for membrane facilities in water reuse applications is finding the balance between cleaning frequency and chemical and energy costs. This manual presents a comprehensive description of the issues related to applying membrane tech- nologies in water reuse projects. In addition, this manual dev
4、otes an entire chapter to case studies to showcase a variety of real world applications. M62 Membrane Applications for Water Reuse, First EditionIdeal crop marks Membrane Applications for Water Reuse First Edition M62 Manual of Water Supply Practices Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association.
5、All Rights Reserved. American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Printed in the United States of America I S B N 9 7 8 - 1 - 6 2 5 7 6 - 2 6 2 - 7 e I S B N - 1 3 9 7 8 - 1 - 6 1 3 0 0 - 4 4 8 - 7 Manual of Water Supply PracticesM62 Membrane Applications f
6、or Water Reuse Co py r i g h t 2 0 1 8 A m e r i c a n W a t e r W o r k s A s s o c i a t i o n A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N o pa r t of t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d o r t r a n s m i tt e d i n a n y f o r m o r b y a n y means, electronic or mechanical, inc
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10、 P o s s i b l e e r r a t a w i l l b e p o s t e d a t w w w . awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Senior Managing Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover art: Melanie Yamamoto Production: Janice Benight Manuals Specialist: Sue Bach Library of Congres
11、s Cataloging-in-Publication Data N a m e s : W o n g , J o s e p h , a c t i v e 2 0 1 8 , a u t h o r . | A l s pa c h , B r e n t , a u t h o r . | C h a l m e r s , B r u c e , a u t h o r . | A m e r i c a n W a t e r W o r k s A s s o c i a t i o n , i s s u i n g b o d y . Title: M62 - Membran
12、e applications for water reuse / by Joseph Wong, Brent Alspach, Bruce Chalmers. Other titles: Membrane applications for water reuse D e s c r i p t i o n : F i r s t e d i t i o n . | D e n v e r , C O : A m e r i c a n W a t e r W o r k s A s s o c i a t i o n , 2 0 1 8 I d e n t i fi e r s : L C C
13、 N 2 0 1 8 0 0 8 4 1 3 | I S B N 9 7 8 1 6 2 5 7 6 2 6 2 7 S u b j e c t s : L C S H : W a t e r r e u s e . | M e m b r a n e s ( T e c h n o l o g y ) C l a s s i fi c a t i o n : L C C T D 4 2 9 . W 6 6 2 0 1 8 | D D C 6 2 8 . 1 / 6 4 - - d c 2 3 L C r e c o r d a v a i l a b l e a t h tt p s : /
14、 / l c c n .l o c . g o v / 2 0 1 8 0 0 8 4 1 3 Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M62 iii Contents Figures, ix Tables, xiii Acknowledgments, xvii Preface, xxi Abbreviations, xxiii Chapter 1 Development of Water Reuse Practices 1 Histor
15、y of Water Reuse, 1 Terminology, 1 Unplanned Water Reuse, 2 Planned Water Reuse, 2 The Role of Membranes in Water Reuse, 3 How to Use This Manual, 4 References, 6 Chapter 2 Planning for Reuse Applications .7 Reuse Applications, 7 Nonpotable Reuse, 7 Potable Reuse, 9 Treatment Options for Water Reuse
16、, 10 Effectiveness of Treatment, 11 Residuals, Disposal, and Regulatory Requirements, 11 Flow Equalization and Storage Requirements for Nonpotable Reuse, 14 Environmental Impacts, 14 Legal and Institutional Issues, 15 Regulatory Requirements and Permitting, Including Future Regulatory Impacts, 15 Pu
17、blic Education and Outreach Programs, 15 References, 16 Chapter 3 Water Reuse Guidelines and Regulations 17 World Health Organization Guidelines, 17 National Guidelines, 20 Reuse Requirements, 43 Guidelines for Other Countries, 45 References, 48 Chapter 4 Source and Treated Water Quality 51 Wastewat
18、er Treatment, 51 Wastewater Effluent Quality, 52 Specific Wastewater Quality Parameters, 53 Industrial Reuse, 57 Agricultural Reuse, 60 Water Supply Augmentation, 61 Augmentation of Indirect Potable Supplies, 62 Direct Potable Reuse, 63 Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Res
19、erved. AWWA Manual M62 Water Quality Treatment Requirements, 63 References, 66 Chapter 5 Membrane Process Treatment Facility Design .69 Pretreatment or Feedwater Conditioning for Membrane Treatment Processes, 69 Screening for Removal of Debris and Large Solids, 72 Removal of Chemicals Incompatible w
20、ith Membrane Materials, 74 Foulant, Suspended Solids, and Particulates Removal, 76 CoagulationFlocculation, 77 Clarification, 78 Dissolved Air Flotation, 78 Media Filtration, 79 MicrofiltrationUltrafiltration as PreTreatment, 80 Other Pretreatment Processes for Suspended Solids Removal, 80 Controlli
21、ng Temperature, 80 pH, 80 Dissolved Ionic Species that Require Preconditioning, 80 Oxidation and Reduction Processes, 81 Softening, 81 Degasser, 83 Controlling Biological Fouling, 84 Chlorination, 85 Micellar-Enhanced Membrane Separation, 87 Optimization of Upstream Biological Wastewater Treatment,
22、87 MFUF Design Considerations, 88 MF/UF Design Considerations, 89 MFUF Filtrate Quality Requirements, 89 MFUF Filtrate Quality Requirements for Water Reuse, 90 Impact of Feedwater Quality on PreTreatment and MFUF System Design, 91 MFUF Equipment, 92 Reverse OsmosisNanofiltration, 95 Impact of Feedwa
23、ter Quality on Pretreatment and NFRO System Design, 98 Post-Treatment, Stabilization, and Disinfection, 111 Stabilization, 112 Treatment Requirements, 114 Treatment Processes, 115 Advanced Oxidation Systems, 117 Design Considerations, 121 Water Quality Impacts, 121 References, 122 Chapter 6 Operatio
24、ns 125 Membrane System Data Collection and Analysis, 125 Operating Data, 127 Membrane Integrity Test, 129 Heterotrophic Plate Count, 131 Operational Considerations, 131 Membrane Cleaning and Flux Recovery, 135 Integrity Testing, 141 Membrane Storage, 143 iv MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS FOR WATER REUSE Copy
25、right 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v AWWA Manual M62 AWWA Manual M62 Membrane Replacement, 143 New Membrane Procurement, 144 Maintenance, 145 Troubleshooting, 145 Chapter 7 Residuals Management 149 Residuals Management for Low-Pressure Membranes, 150 Residuals Manageme
26、nt Techniques, 150 Concentrate Management for High-Pressure Membranes, 152 Issues Related to Concentrate Disposal, 153 Health and Environmental Issues, 154 Cost and Energy Issues, 154 Concentrate Disposal Options, 155 Current Research, 164 Regulatory Issues, 165 References, 169 Chapter 8 Cost of Tre
27、atment .173 Summarizing Project Costs, 173 Development of Construction Cost Model, 175 Contributing Factors to Capitol Costs, 175 Development of an O background) installation at the Bundamba advanced water reclamation plant in Australia. The RO membranes are 18 in. in diameter, 105 5-12 Reverse osmo
28、sis trains at Changi NEWater Facility, Singapore, 107 5-13 A three-stage reverse osmosis train, 108 5-14 Energy-recovery device in a reverse osmosis system that recovers the energy in the concentrate and reuses it to boost the second-stage feed pressure, 109 5-15 Flows and pressures through each sta
29、ge of a reverse osmosis train, with and without an energy-recovery device, 109 5-16 Liqui-cel membrane contactor, 116 5-17 Clearwater, Fla., groundwater replenishment process flow diagram, 118 6-1 Illustration of the importance of maintaining sufficient start pressures for a membrane integrity test,
30、 129 6-2 Particulate and debris collected within the cartridge filter housing (left) and on the cartridge filters (right), 134 6-3 Scanning electron microscopy images of a clean reverse osmosis membrane surface (left) and one containing silicate scale (right), 135 6-4 Changing reverse osmosis system
31、 performance parameters in response to a membrane fouling event, 136 6-5 Ratio of specific flux at the tail-end stage to the total system specific flux. Note the declining ratio while the overall system specific flux remains unchanged, 136 6-6 Scanning electron microscopy images of a membrane hollow
32、 fiber (left) and accumulated foulant on the outside fiber surface (right), 137 Figures Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M62 6-7 Example of transmembrane pressure increases versus time for consecutive cleaning intervals. Note the baseline, declining,
33、and restoration of membrane permeability are reflective of potential irreversible fouling or chemical cleaning effectiveness, 139 6-8 Restoration of reverse osmosis membrane flux to initial baseline permeability after chemical cleaning, 141 7-1 Mechanical vapor compression brine concentrator, 163 7-
34、2 Mechanical vapor compression crystallizer, 163 8-1 Nonpotable reuse treatment plant construction cost for a microfiltration-based facility, 176 8-2 Potable reuse treatment plant construction cost for a microfiltrationreverse osmosisbased facility, 177 8-3 Typical nonpotable reuse treatment plant o
35、perations and maintenance cost break- down for a microfiltration-based facility, 181 8-4 Typical potable reuse treatment plant operations and maintenance cost breakdown for a microfiltrationreverse osmosisbased facility, 181 8-5 Nonpotable reuse treatment plant cost of water for a microfiltration-ba
36、sed facility, 184 8-6 Potable reuse treatment plant cost of water for a microfiltrationreverse osmosis based facility, 185 9-1 Groundwater Replenishment System components, 190 9-2 Groundwater Replenishment System process flow diagram and sampling points, 191 9-3 Aerial view of the Groundwater Replen
37、ishment System and adjacent Orange County Sanitation District facility, 194 9-4 Groundwater Replenishment System facility entrance, 195 9-5 Microfiltration system, 195 9-6 Reverse osmosis treatment trains, 196 9-7 Ultraviolet lightadvanced oxidation process treatment facility, 196 9-8 Process schema
38、tic for the Broad Run Water Reclamation Facility, 198 9-9 Membrane bioreactor tanks and pipework, 200 9-10 Granular activated carbon contactors and pipework, 201 9-11 Ultraviolet light reactors, 201 9-12 Process schematic for the Colorado River Municipal Water District raw water production facility
39、in Big Spring, Texas, 203 9-13 Microfiltration system, 205 9-14 Reverse osmosis system, 205 9-15 Process schematic of the Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility, 208 9-16 Ozone injection system, 209 9-17 Phase III CMF units, 209 9-18 Flow schematic of NEWater factories, 214 9-19 Zeeweed ultrafiltration at Bedok NEWater Factory, phase 1, 215 9-20 Microza microfiltration at Bedok NEWater Factory, phase 2, 215 x MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS FOR WATER REUSE Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
