1、High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and designevaluation of AC filtersPart 3: ModellingPD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC/
2、TR 62001- 3:2016. Together with PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016, PD IEC/TR 62001-2:2016 and PD IEC/TR 62001-4:2016, it supersedes PD IEC/TR 62001:2009, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/22, Power electronics.A list of organizations represented
3、on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 91332 7
4、ICS 29.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD IE
5、C/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3 Edition 1.0 2016-09 TECHNICAL REPORT High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 3: Modelling INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3655-0 Registered trademark of the
6、International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colourinsidePD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 2 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 7 INTRODUCTION . 9 1 Scope 10 2 Normative references. 10 3 Harmonic interaction across
7、 converters 10 3.1 General . 10 3.2 Practical experience of problems . 11 3.3 Indicators of where harmonic interaction is significant 13 3.4 Interaction phenomena 14 3.5 Impact on AC filter design . 15 3.5.1 General . 15 3.5.2 AC side third harmonic . 15 3.5.3 Direct current on the AC side . 16 3.5.
8、4 Characteristic harmonics 16 3.6 General overview of modelling techniques . 16 3.6.1 General . 16 3.6.2 Time domain AC-DC-AC interaction model . 18 3.6.3 Frequency domain AC-DC-AC interaction model . 19 3.6.4 Frequency domain AC-DC interaction model . 19 3.6.5 Frequency domain current source model
9、19 3.7 Interaction modelling . 20 3.7.1 General . 20 3.7.2 Coupling between networks 20 3.7.3 Driving forces. 21 3.7.4 System harmonic impedances 22 3.8 Study methods 22 3.8.1 Frequency domain . 22 3.8.2 Time domain 22 3.9 Composite resonance 23 3.10 Core saturation instability 23 3.11 Particular co
10、nsiderations for back-to-back converters . 23 3.12 Issues to be considered in the design process . 24 3.12.1 General . 24 3.12.2 Fundamental frequency and load issues . 24 3.12.3 Negative phase sequence 25 3.12.4 Pre-existing harmonic distortion . 26 3.12.5 AC network impedance 27 3.12.6 Converter c
11、ontrol system 28 3.12.7 Combination with “classic“ harmonic generation . 29 3.12.8 Relative magnitude of pairs of low-order harmonics 29 3.12.9 Superposition of contributions 30 3.13 Parallel AC lines and converter transformer saturation . 30 3.14 Possible countermeasures . 32 3.14.1 AC (and/or DC)
12、filters . 32 3.14.2 DC control design 32 3.14.3 Operating restrictions and design protections . 33 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 3 3.15 Recommendations for technical specifications . 33 3.15.1 General . 33 3.15.2 Specified design data . 33 3.15.3 Requirements regarding calculati
13、on techniques 34 4 AC network impedance modelling 35 4.1 General . 35 4.2 Implications of inaccurate definition of network impedance . 36 4.3 Considerations for network modelling 37 4.3.1 General . 37 4.3.2 Project life expectancy and robustness of data . 37 4.3.3 Network operating conditions . 37 4
14、.3.4 Network impedances for performance and rating calculations 38 4.3.5 Modelling of network components . 39 4.3.6 Representation of loads at harmonic frequencies 40 4.4 Network harmonic impedance envelopes . 40 4.5 Methods of determining envelope characteristics . 43 4.5.1 General . 43 4.5.2 Low o
15、rder harmonics 43 4.5.3 Mid-range and higher order harmonics . 44 4.5.4 Balancing of risk and benefit 45 4.5.5 Consideration of tolerances on harmonic bands 46 4.5.6 Two separate envelopes for one harmonic band . 48 4.5.7 Critical envelope parameters 49 4.5.8 Impedance envelopes for performance and
16、rating conditions . 49 4.6 Examples of the impact of different network impedance representations . 50 4.6.1 Effect of network envelope parameters on resultant distortion . 50 4.6.2 Effect of network minimum resistance on filter rating . 53 4.7 Interharmonic impedance assessment . 54 4.8 Measurement
17、of network harmonic impedance . 56 4.9 Conclusions 57 5 Pre-existing harmonics 57 5.1 General . 57 5.2 Modelling and measurement of pre-existing harmonic levels 58 5.3 Harmonic performance evaluation, methods and discussion . 60 5.3.1 General . 60 5.3.2 “Incremental“ harmonic performance evaluation
18、60 5.3.3 “Aggregate“ harmonic performance evaluation 61 5.3.4 Both “incremental“ and “aggregate“ performance evaluation . 62 5.3.5 “Incremental“ and “maximum magnification factor“ harmonic performance evaluation 63 5.4 Calculation of total harmonic performance indices 63 5.5 Harmonic rating evaluati
19、on 64 5.6 Difficulties with the voltage source/worst network model for rating 65 5.6.1 Background . 65 5.6.2 Illustration of the voltage source/worst network method . 66 5.7 Further possible calculation procedures for rating evaluation 68 5.7.1 Using measured levels of pre-existing distortion . 68 5
20、.7.2 Applying compatibility level voltage source at the filter busbar. 70 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 4 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 5.7.3 Limiting the filter bus harmonic voltage to a maximum level for filter rating (MLFR) 72 5.7.4 Limiting total source distortion to the defined THD 73 5.7.5 Limiting ha
21、rmonic order of pre-existing distortion 75 5.8 Conclusions 75 Annex A (informative) Location of worst-case network impedance . 76 Annex B (informative) Accuracy of network component modelling at harmonic frequencies . 79 B.1 General . 79 B.2 Loads . 79 B.3 Transformers 82 B.3.1 Transformer reactance
22、 . 82 B.3.2 Transformer resistance 82 B.4 Transmission lines 85 B.5 Synchronous machines . 87 B.6 Modelling of resistance in harmonic analysis software 88 Annex C (informative) Further guidance for the measurement of harmonic voltage distortion 91 Annex D (informative) Project experience of pre-exis
23、ting harmonic issues . 93 D.1 General . 93 D.2 Third harmonic overload of filters in a back-to-back system 93 D.3 Third and fifth harmonic overload of filters in a line transmission 94 D.4 Overload of a DC side 6thharmonic filter . 94 Annex E (informative) Worked examples showing impact of pre-exist
24、ing distortion 96 E.1 General . 96 E.2 Pre-existing distortions 97 E.2.1 Example 1 Illustration of magnification . 97 E.2.2 Impact of network impedance parameters . 101 Annex F (informative) Comparison of calculation methods 103 F.1 General . 103 F.2 Reference case Converter generated harmonics only
25、 106 F.3 Method 1 Source voltages behind impedance sector . 106 F.4 Method 2 Source voltages at filter bus (see 5.7.2) . 106 F.5 Method 3 Limiting the filter bus harmonic voltage to a maximum level for filter rating (MLFR) (see 5.7.3) 107 F.6 Method 4 Limiting total source distortion to the THD leve
26、l (see 5.7.4) 107 F.7 Method 5 Pre-existing harmonics considered only up to the 10th, with 10 % margin on converter generation for remainder (see 5.7.5) 110 Bibliography . 111 Figure 1 Key elements of a complete AC-DC-AC harmonic interaction model 17 Figure 2 Equivalent circuit for evaluation of har
27、monic interaction with DC side interaction frequency greater than AC side fundamental frequency 21 Figure 3 DC side 6thharmonic voltage due to AC side 5thharmonic (fixed angle) and 7thharmonic (varying angle) . 27 Figure 4 Simple circuit used to represent AC network impedance at 5thand 7thharmonics
28、. 28 Figure 5 Example of a single impedance locus for harmonic orders 2 to 49 . 41 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 5 Figure 6 Example of simple circle envelope encompassing all scatter points for harmonic orders 2 to 49 42 Figure 7 Example of an impedance envelope for 7thto 13thha
29、rmonic with associated scatter plots 44 Figure 8 Example of an impedance envelope for 13thto 19thharmonic with associated scatter plots 45 Figure 9 Example of an impedance envelope for 19thto 25thharmonic with associated scatter plots 45 Figure 10 Example of the need to extend the band of harmonics
30、to allow for resonance effects . 47 Figure 11 Application of tolerance range in percentage of the harmonic number 48 Figure 12 Application of tolerance range in percentage of the harmonic number, zoomed to show 11th and 13thharmonics . 48 Figure 13 Example showing two impedance envelopes for a parti
31、cular band 49 Figure 14 Example of impedance envelopes under “performance“ and “rating“ conditions for harmonic orders 4thto 7th. 50 Figure 15 Example of impedance envelopes “performance“ and “rating“ conditions for harmonic orders 25thto 31st50 Figure 16 Discrete envelopes for different groups of h
32、armonics . 51 Figure 17 Example showing a distributed generation causing about 15 % attenuation of ripple control signal at the PCC . 55 Figure 18 Generic circuit model for calculation of harmonic performance or rating . 59 Figure 19 Illustration of basic voltage quality concepts with time/location
33、statistics covering the whole system 60 Figure 20 Circuit model for calculation of incremental performance . 61 Figure 21 Equivalent circuit of a network for the hthharmonic . 66 Figure 22 Typical voltage magnification factor 67 Figure 23 Pre-existing distortion set to measured levels (plus margin)
34、. 68 Figure 24 Pre-existing distortion applied directly at the filter bus . 70 Figure 25 Harmonic voltage stress on a shunt capacitor with IEC planning levels applied . 72 Figure A.1 Equivalent circuit model for demonstration of worst-case resonance between AC filters and the network . 76 Figure A.2
35、 Diagram indicating vectors ZF, ZNand ZH. 77 Figure B.1 Typical equivalent load network . 80 Figure B.2 Relative error of equivalent load loss resistance Rnof using 28 compared with Electra 167 27 model . 83 Figure B.3 Effect of temperature on transformer load loss . 84 Figure B.4 Ratio between harm
36、onic and fundamental frequency resistance as calculated for balanced mode components and calculated from averages of reduced Z matrix resistance values . 86 Figure B.5 Ratio between harmonic and fundamental frequency resistance as calculated for balanced mode components and calculated from averages
37、of reduced Z matrix resistance values, for varying earth resistivity . 87 Figure B.6 Comparison of synchronous machine reactance between 4-1 recommendation and test measurements for a salient pole hydro generator of 370 MVA 87 Figure B.7 Comparison of synchronous machine resistance between 17 recomm
38、endation and test measurements for a salient pole hydro generator of 370 MVA 88 Figure B.8 Comparison of different approximations for resistance variations 89 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 6 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 Figure B.9 Network impedance for Araraquara substation . 90 Figure E.1 Harmonic models
39、for converter and for pre-existing distortion 97 Figure E.2 Geometrical visualisation of selecting worst-case impedance for converter harmonics . 97 Figure E.3 Simple filter scheme to illustrate magnification . 98 Figure E.4 Plots illustrating magnification of various pre-existing harmonics 101 Figu
40、re F.1 Network impedance sector used in example . 103 Figure F.2 Assumed filter scheme for examples of different methods of calculation . 104 Figure F.3 IEC planning levels used for source voltages in the study . 105 Table 1 Dominant frequencies in ACDC harmonic interaction 15 Table 2 Comparison of
41、calculated harmonic voltage distortion between two methods of representing network harmonic impedance 52 Table 3 Comparison of calculated harmonic voltage distortion considering the variation of network impedance angle 53 Table 4 Comparison of calculated filter harmonic current considering the varia
42、tion of network minimum resistance and filter detuning . 54 Table 5 Amplification factor tan at different network impedance angles . 66 Table 6 Variation of calculated filter harmonic current as a function of detuning 71 Table B.1 Constants for resistance adjustment five parameter equations 89 Table
43、 E.1 Parameters of elements of a simplified filter scheme shown in Figure E.3 98 Table E.2 Voltage and current distortion for Zmin= 1 and varying 101 Table E.3 Voltage and current distortion for = 85 and varying Zmin. 102 Table F.1 Table F.1 Parameters of components of filters shown in Figure F.2 .
44、104 Table F.2 Component rating calculated using different calculation methods . 106 Table F.3 Rating calculations using Method 3 for BP1113 C1 . 107 Table F.4 Rating calculations using Method 3 for HP24 R1 109 Table F.5 Rating calculations using Method 4 for BP1113 C1 . 110 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC
45、 TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 7 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS GUIDANCE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF AC FILTERS Part 3: Modelling FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for stand
46、ardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes Int
47、ernational Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participa
48、te in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between
49、 the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted
