1、 Report ITU-R M.2203(11/2010)Compatibility of amateur service stations with existing services in the range 415-526.5 kHzM SeriesMobile, radiodetermination, amateurand related satellite servicesii Rep. ITU-R M.2203 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitabl
2、e, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Se
3、ctor are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution IT
4、U-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database
5、can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobi
6、le, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum mana
7、gement Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. R
8、ep. ITU-R M.2203 1 REPORT ITU-R M.22031Compatibility of amateur service stations with existing services in the range 415-526.5 kHz (2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 3 2 Related ITU-R Recommendations, Reports and Handbooks . 3 3 Abbreviations . 3 4 Background . 4 5 Ground-wave and skywave
9、propagation studies 4 5.1 Introduction . 4 5.2 Background: Ground-wave propagation . 5 5.2.1 Ground-wave field-strength calculations . 5 5.2.2 Transmit antennas 5 5.2.3 Summary of parameters for ground-wave study 5 5.2.4 Ground-wave simulations 5 5.2.5 Ground-wave propagation discussion 7 5.2.6 Grou
10、nd-wave propagation conclusions 7 5.3 Background: Skywave propagation 8 5.3.1 Skywave field-strength calculations 8 5.3.2 Solar activity/geomagnetic latitude Lr. 8 5.3.3 Excess polarization coupling loss Lp9 5.3.4 Hourly loss factor Lt. 9 5.3.5 Slant propagation distance p 9 5.3.6 Ionospheric loss f
11、actor La. 9 5.3.7 Ground losses/sea gain Gs10 5.3.8 Skywave calculations . 10 5.3.9 Skywave propagation summary . 12 1This Report has been prepared in support of World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 (WRC-12) Agenda Item 1.23. In the event that WRC-12 does not make an allocation to the amateur se
12、rvice in this band, the Report will be suppressed. 2 Rep. ITU-R M.2203 Page 5.4 Discussion of results of ground-wave and skywave studies . 12 5.5 Conclusions for ground-wave and skywave propagation . 13 6 Aeronautical radionavigation service . 13 6.1 Aeronautical non-directional beacons 13 6.1.1 Bac
13、kground 13 6.1.2 Analysis 14 6.1.3 Conclusion Co-frequency coexistence 15 6.2 General analysis of protection of NDB/ADF systems 15 6.2.1 Amateur station transmitting at the edge or within the NDB service region . 15 6.2.2 Amateur station transmitting far outside of NDB service region 16 6.2.3 Genera
14、tion of NDB protection distances using ground-wave and skywave propagation analysis 16 6.2.4 Example of typical protection zone areas 17 6.2.5 European assignments to NDBs in the frequency range from 200 kHz to 1 000 kHz 19 6.2.6 Conclusion . 20 7 Maritime mobile service . 21 7.1 NAVTEX 21 7.1.1 Cha
15、racteristics of NAVTEX system 21 7.1.2 NAVTEX protection criteria 21 7.1.3 Selectivity of a NAVTEX receiver 21 7.1.4 Analysis 21 7.1.5 Results of calculations for different protection criteria 22 7.1.6 Selectivity curve data . 24 7.1.7 IMO NAVTEX Manual requirements . 24 7.1.8 Conclusion . 25 7.2 Fu
16、ture maritime systems . 25 7.2.1 Characteristics of future maritime systems 25 7.2.2 Analysis 27 7.2.3 Conclusions 27 8 Broadcasting service . 27 8.1 Background . 27 8.2 Analysis 28 8.3 Conclusion 29 Rep. ITU-R M.2203 3 Page 9 Land mobile service 29 10 Aeronautical mobile service . 29 1 Introduction
17、 This Report describes the results of ITU-R studies on the compatibility between the amateur service and incumbent services in the range 415-526.5 kHz. 2 Related ITU-R Recommendations, Reports and Handbooks Recommendation ITU-R M.1732 Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-s
18、atellite services for use in sharing studies Recommendation ITU-R P.525-2 Calculation of free-space attenuation Recommendation ITU-R BS.560 Radio-frequency protection ratios in LF, MF and HF broadcasting Recommendation ITU-R P.368-9 Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 3
19、0 MHz Recommendation ITU-R P.372-10 Radio noise Recommendation ITU-R P.832-2 World Atlas of Ground Conductivities Recommendation ITU-R P.1147-4 Prediction of sky-wave field strength at frequencies between about 150 and 1 700 kHz ITU-R SG 3 Handbook Ionosphere and its Effects on Radiowave Propagation
20、 Handbook, Edition 1998 Recommendation ITU-R F.1610 Planning, design and implementation of HF fixed service radio systems Recommendation ITU-R M.476 Direct-printing telegraph equipment in the maritime mobile service Recommendation ITU-R M.625-3 Direct-printing telegraph equipment employing automatic
21、 identification in the maritime mobile service Report ITU-R M.2200 Characteristics of amateur radio stations in the range 415-526.5 kHz for sharing studies Report ITU-R M.2201 Utilization of the 495-505 kHz band by the maritime mobile service for the digital broadcasting of safety and security relat
22、ed information from shore-to-ships Report ITU-R M.910-1 Sharing between the maritime mobile service and the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band 415-526.5 kHz. 3 Abbreviations ADF Automatic direction finding AMS Aeronautical mobile service ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Insti
23、tute ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILS Instrument landing system 4 Rep. ITU-R M.2203 IMO International Maritime Organization MSI Maritime safety information NAVTEX Navigational text messages NDB Non-directional beacons 4 Background In the three ITU Regions, the band 415-526.5 kHz in
24、cludes allocations to the maritime mobile and aeronautical radionavigation services. Maritime safety information (MSI) systems operate on 424 kHz, mainly 490 kHz and 518 kHz (NAVTEX), and there is a common primary mobile service allocation across the three Regions in the band 495-505 kHz2. Ground-wa
25、ve radio propagation is primarily used in the LF, MF, and the lower part of the HF spectrum and allows for the long-distance transmission/reception of signals. These signals propagate along the curvature of the Earth, well beyond the optical horizon. Ground-wave propagation is also dependent on the
26、nature of the surface: signal attenuation is affected by ground conductivity and the dielectric constant of the Earth. Recommendation ITU-R P.832-2, gives the ground conductivities for various areas in the world. This Recommendations states “that for ground-wave field-strength prediction, it is esse
27、ntial to know the electrical characteristics of the ground along the path” and “that the most important electrical characteristic of the Earth for frequencies below 3 MHz is the conductivity”. 5 Ground-wave and skywave propagation studies 5.1 Introduction Ground-wave and skywave propagation studies
28、were undertaken to determine the potential impact of proposed amateur stations in the range 415-526.5 kHz on incumbent services in this range. The first study used GRWAVE software3to estimate the field strength received from proposed amateur stations transmitting in this frequency range via ground-w
29、ave propagation while the second study uses a propagation model described in Recommendation ITU-R P.1147-4 to calculate the field strength received from proposed amateur stations in this range via skywave propagation. Both studies evaluate the compatibility of these proposed stations with existing s
30、ervices in this frequency range. For the purposes of this simulation, an e.i.r.p. of 20 W (13 dBW) was chosen for amateur stations. No. 25.7 of the Radio Regulations (RR) states that the maximum power of amateur stations shall be fixed by the administrations concerned. As allowable transmitter power
31、 differs from administration to administration, this value may or may not be typical of transmissions in the amateur service; however, an analysis of antenna systems of the type which might be employed in the amateur service in the range 415 to 526.5 kHz which is documented in Report ITU-R M.2200, s
32、uggests that 2RR No. 5.82A limits the use of the band to radiotelegraphy and RR No. 5.82B requests that authorizations for use other than for the maritime mobile service ensure that no harmful interference is caused to this service. 3GRWAVE (http:/www.itu.int/oth/R0A0400000F/en) calculates ground-wa
33、ve field strength as a function of frequency, antenna heights and ground constants for the frequency range 10 kHz 10 GHz. See Recommendation ITU-R P.368. GRWAVE was used to generate the propagation curves in 5.2 of this Report. Rep. ITU-R M.2203 5 such antennas would be relatively inefficient (in th
34、e range 4 to 20%). With a transmitter output power of 26.78 dBW and an effective gain of 13.78 dBi, the resulting e.i.r.p. would be 13 dBW. 5.2 Background: Ground-wave propagation 5.2.1 Ground-wave field-strength calculations GRWAVE was used to simulate the field strength as a function of distance f
35、rom an amateur station transmitting an e.i.r.p. of 13 dBW. As GRWAVE calculates the field strength emitted by one vertical monopole antenna with an output e.i.r.p. P = 1 kW (30 dBW), the simulated field strength was then adjusted downward by 17 dB to take into account the lower radiated power chosen
36、 for the purposes of this study. 5.2.2 Transmit antennas Representative antenna types that could be deployed by operators in the amateur service are described in Report ITU-R M.2200. These antennas are the following types: a short vertical antenna with six ground radials; a short vertical antenna in
37、 the shape of an inverted L, also using six ground radials; an inverted-L antenna of moderate size using sixteen 30-metre radials; an inverted-L antenna of moderate size using sixteen 15-metre radials. Vertically polarized signals are subject to far less ground-wave attenuation than horizontally pol
38、arized signals. As such, a vertical monopole antenna would simulate worst-case interference. This type of transmitting antenna is typical of what could be deployed in this frequency range by the amateur service. 5.2.3 Summary of parameters for ground-wave study Ground-wave propagation over land and
39、sea has been simulated using GRWAVE software. As ground wave propagates better over sea water than over fresh water, sea water of average salinity has been chosen. Similarly, as marshy or wet land is more conducive to propagation than dry or desert land, land with average conductivity has been chose
40、n. The electrical parameters of the surface of the Earth have been chosen as per Recommendation ITU-R P.368. These are average values for both seawater and land. 1. Sea water, average salinity: relative permittivity = 70. 2. Sea water, average salinity: conductivity = 5 S/m. 3. Land: relative permit
41、tivity = 40. 4. Land: conductivity = 0.03 /m. 5.2.4 Ground-wave simulations Tables 1 and 2 show the results of the simulations using the permittivity and conductivity values above for land and sea for propagation distances of 10 km to 200 km and for receiver heights of 10, 15, 20 and 50 m. Simulatio
42、n frequency is 500 kHz. The following sections summarize these simulations. 6 Rep. ITU-R M.2203 TABLE 1 Propagation over land transmitter height 15 m adjusted field strength Distance (km) Receiver height 5/10 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 15 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 20 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 50 m dB
43、(V/m) 10 72.17 72.45 72.45 72.120 65.9 66.39 66.39 65.83 30 62.13 62.81 62.81 62.0640 59.38 60.25 60.25 59.31 50 57.22 58.3 58.3 57.1560 55.39 56.63 56.63 55.31 70 53.79 55.2 55.2 53.7180 52.37 53.95 53.95 52.29 90 51.07 52.82 52.82 51100 49.88 51.79 51.79 49.81 110 48.78 50.85 50.85 48.71120 47.74
44、49.97 49.97 47.67 130 46.77 49.15 49.15 46.69140 45.84 48.38 48.39 45.77 150 44.95 47.64 47.63 44.88160 44.1 46.93 46.93 44.03 170 43.29 46.26 46.26 43.21180 42.5 45.61 45.61 42.42 190 41.73 44.99 44.99 41.66200 40.99 44.39 44.39 40.91 TABLE 2 Propagation over sea transmitter height 15 m adjusted fi
45、eld strength (dB(V/m) Distance (km) Receiver height 10 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 15 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 20 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 50 m dB(V/m) 10 72.45 72.45 72.45 72.4520 66.39 66.39 66.39 66.39 30 62.81 62.81 62.81 62.8140 60.25 60.25 60.24 60.24 50 58.3 58.3 58.29 58.2960 56.63 56.63 56.
46、63 56.63 70 55.21 55.2 55.2 55.280 53.95 53.95 53.94 53.94 90 52.82 52.82 52.81 52.81Rep. ITU-R M.2203 7 TABLE 2 (end) Distance (km) Receiver height 10 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 15 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 20 m dB(V/m) Receiver height 50 m dB(V/m) 100 51.79 51.79 51.79 51.79110 50.85 50.85 50.84 50
47、.84 120 49.97 49.97 49.96 49.96130 49.15 49.15 49.14 49.14 140 48.38 48.38 48.37 48.37150 47.64 47.63 47.63 47.63 160 46.93 46.93 46.93 46.93170 46.26 46.26 46.25 46.25 180 45.61 45.61 45.61 45.61190 45 44.99 44.99 44.99 200 44.39 44.39 44.38 44.385.2.5 Ground-wave propagation discussion 5.2.5.1 Lan
48、d From the simulations over land, there is no change in field strength when the receive antenna is lower than the transmitting antenna in other words, for receive antenna heights of 5 m and 10 m, the received field strength did not vary. The received field strength increased when the transmit and re
49、ceive antennas were at equal heights (15 m) and when the receive antenna was at 20 m. The field strength in both these cases was identical i.e. 72.45 dB (V/m) at 10 km and 44.39 dB(V/m) at 200 km. When the receive antenna height is at 50 m, the field strength at the receiver decreases to the same levels as the cases in which the receive antenna was at heights of 5 m and 10 m. 5.2.5.2 Sea In contrast with the results obtained from the simulation over the sea the received field strengths remain
