1、2010 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory c
2、alled the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】 workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2 】 giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect, “ the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】 of being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.
3、The idea arose because of the 【B4】 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 【B5 】 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】 what was done in the experiment; 【B7】 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8 】
4、that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】 to alter workers behavior 【B10】 itself.After several decades, the same data were 【B11】 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】 the descriptions on record, no systematic 【B13 】 was found that leve
5、ls of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14 】 interpretations of what happened. 【B15】 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 【B16】 rose compared with the pre
6、vious Saturday and 【B17】 to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 【B20】 a plateau and then slackenin
7、g off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect“ is hard to pin down.1 【B1 】（A）affected（B） achieved（C） extracted（D）restored2 【B2 】（A）at（B） up（C） with（D）off3 【B3 】（A）truth（B） sight（C） act（D）proof4 【B4 】（A）controversial（B） perplexing（C） mischievous（D）ambiguous5 【B5 】（A）requirements（B） explanat
8、ions（C） accounts（D）assessments6 【B6 】（A）conclude（B） matter（C） indicate（D）work7 【B7 】（A）as far as（B） for fear that（C） in case that（D）so long as8 【B8 】（A）awareness（B） expectation（C） sentiment（D）illusion9 【B9 】（A）suitable（B） excessive（C） enough（D）abundant10 【B10 】（A）about（B） for（C） on（D）by11 【B11 】（A）c
9、ompared（B） shown（C） subjected（D）conveyed12 【B12 】（A）Contrary to（B） Consistent with（C） Parallel with（D）Peculiar to13 【B13 】（A）evidence（B） guidance（C） implication（D）source14 【B14 】（A）disputable（B） enlightening（C） reliable（D）misleading15 【B15 】（A）In contrast（B） For example（C） In consequence（D）As usual1
10、6 【B16 】（A）duly（B） accidentally（C） unpredictably（D）suddenly17 【B17 】（A）failed（B） ceased（C） started（D）continued18 【B18 】（A）Therefore（B） Furthermore（C） However（D）Meanwhile19 【B19 】（A）attempted（B） tended（C） chose（D）intended20 【B20 】（A）breaking（B） climbing（C） surpassing（D）hittingPart ADirections: Read t
11、he following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of
12、 their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the
13、20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England betw
14、een the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail
15、 and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be publis
16、hed in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism , “ Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.Unfortunately, these critics are virtually
17、 forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely adm
18、ired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?
19、 The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21 It is indicated in Paragra
20、phs 1 and 2 that _.（A）arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.（B） English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.（C） high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.（D）young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22 Newspaper reviews in England befo
21、re World War II were characterized by _.（A）free themes.（B） casual style.（C） elaborate layout.（D）radical viewpoints.23 Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?（A）It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.（B） It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.（C） Write
22、rs are likely to be tempted into journalism.（D）Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24 What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?（A）His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.（B） His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.（C） His sty
23、le caters largely to modern specialists.（D）His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25 What would be the best title for the text?（A）Newspapers of the Good Old Days（B） The Lost Horizon in Newspapers（C） Mournful Decline of Journalism（D）Prominent Critics in Memory26 Over the past decade, thous
24、ands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon, com received one for its “one-click“ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appear
25、s completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a b
26、road review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,“ says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because i
27、t was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies tryin
28、g to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005 , IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than
29、300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed p
30、atent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider“ its State Street B
31、ank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions“ that are obvious. The j
32、udges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,“ says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26 Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of _.（A）their limited value to businesses.（B）
33、their connection with asset allocation.（C） the possible restriction on their granting.（D）the controversy over their authorization.27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?（A）Its ruling complies with the court decisions.（B） It involves a very big business transaction.（C） It has been dismi
34、ssed by the Federal Circuit.（D）It may change the legal practices in the U. S.28 The word “about-face“ (Paragraph. 3) most probably means _.（A）loss of goodwill.（B） increase of hostility.（C） change of attitude.（D）enhancement of dignity.29 We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method pate
35、nts _.（A）are immune to legal challenges.（B） are often unnecessarily issued.（C） lower the esteem for patent holders.（D）increase the incidence of risks.30 Which of the following would be the subject of the text?（A）A looming threat to business-method patents.（B） Protection for business-method patent ho
36、lders.（C） A legal case regarding business-method patents.（D）A prevailing trend against business-method patents.31 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “ social epidemics“ are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentia
37、l, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication“ : Inform
38、ation flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden a
39、nd unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea
40、 that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required at all.The researchers argument stems from a
41、simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply don t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely
42、 these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in t
43、urn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change wont propagate very far or
44、 affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendenc
45、y to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades“the widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31 By citing the book The Tipping Point, the
46、 author intends to _.（A）analyze the consequences of social epidemics.（B） discuss influentials function in spreading ideas.（C） exemplify people s intuitive response to social epidemics.（D）describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32 The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory“ _.（
47、A）serves as a solution to marketing problems.（B） has helped explain certain prevalent trends.（C） has won support from influentials.（D）requires solid evidence for its validity.33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that _.（A）the power of influence goes with social interactions.（B） inter
48、personal links can be enhanced through the media.（C） influentials have more channels to reach the public.（D）most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34 The underlined phrase “these people“ in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who _.（A）stay outside the network of social influence.（B） have little cont
49、act with the source of influence.（C） are influenced and then influence others.（D）are influenced by the initial influential.35 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?（A）The eagerness to be accepted.（B） The impulse to influence others.（C） The readiness to be influenced.（D）The inclination to rely on others.36 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan th
