1、2012 年四川外国语大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案与解析一、填空题1 Every society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of production, distribution, and_. (consume)2 In_with his wishes, he was buried without a religious ceremony.(accord)3 The Cold War is over. The threat of nuclear_is virtually nonexistent.(destroy)4 By 1
2、949, he had become so_in the eyes of the English Establishment that members of Parliament felt that he should be given the Order of Merit, Englands highest honor to a civilian.(respect)5 One very important aspect of the process of production is the_of tasks to be performed that is, deciding which ty
3、pes of people are expected to perform which categories of work.(allocate)6 With the First World War looming overhead Russells_to social issues grew more intense. (dedicate)7 A family is a social unit characterized by economic cooperation, the management of reproduction and child rearing, and common_
4、.(reside)8 As a_from their workaday lives, many Westerners seek gratification by attending a play, a concert, or a museum.(divert)9 More than 1 , 000 people a year are filing for_protection(average owed: $40, 000), at an estimated cost to creditors of more than $2.5 million.(bankrupt)10 Every societ
5、y has access to certain natural resources in its _ environment, including land, animals, water, minerals, and plants.(territory)11 The artistic process should be creative, playful and _, and need not be concerned with the practicality or usefulness of the object being produced.(enjoy)12 If you requi
6、re a building permit, the petty official _ will obviously get more pleasure from saying “No“ than from saying “Yes“.(concern)13 Our life is part of the life of the Earth, and we draw our_from it just as the plants and animals do.(nourish)14 He was elected president of the Campaign for Nuclear_in 195
7、8.(Disarm)15 The_ of philosophy is founded on the belief that knowledge is good, even if what is known is painful.(pursue)16 A state can be defined as a _ form of political organization that governs many communities within a relatively large geographic area.(hierarchy)17 Epidemiological studies also
8、 have revealed links between certain activitiessmoking cigarettes, for instanceand higher_.(mortal)18 Human social groups are formed on the basis of a number of factors, including occupation, kinship, social class, sex, age, ethnic_, education, and religion.(affiliate)19 Young Bertrands childhood at
9、 Pembroke Lodge was a regimented existence of puritan_, austerity, and loneliness.(pious)20 Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a_of what human life should be.(mock)二、选择题21 Some ligh
10、t bulbs have a special coating that diffuses rays from the filament and reduces_.（A）discharge（B） conduction（C） insulator（D）glare22 The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not _, the notes on a printed sheet of music.（A）refrain（B） inscribe（C） alter（D）irrigate23 Automobile experts have show
11、n that halogen headlights _thick fog more effectively than traditional incandescent headlights and thus help to reduce accidents.（A）penetrate（B） dissolve（C） excel（D）induce24 Glaciers_where the rate of ice loss is equivalent to the forward advance of the glacier.（A）terminate（B） sprain（C） yield（D）grie
12、ve25 As photographic techniques have become more sophisticated, the scope of their application has expanded_.（A）disgracefully（B） brutally（C） maliciously（D）enormously26 Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other_.（A）additive（B） drawback（C） catalyst
13、（D）alloy27 People who do not sleep enough tend to become_.（A）irritable（B） conceited（C） humiliating（D）snobbish28 Meteors rarely_for longer than a few seconds.（A）bleach（B） blaze（C） mutter（D）summon29 Roy easily established himself as_painter.（A）a mean（B） an outstanding（C） a weary（D）an appalling30 Chris
14、tine_ with Alexander Bell during the experiments leading to the invention of the first telephone.（A）collaborated（B） commenced（C） compelled（D）consoled31 A major characteristic of parliamentary government is the _of executive and legislative powers in one body.（A）patron（B） intervention（C） fusion（D）ali
15、gnment32 A darkened sky in the daytime is usually an indication that storm is_.（A）imminent（B） vertical（C） impulsive（D）foregoing33 If a foreign object becomes_in the eye, medical help is necessary.（A）isolated（B） intruded（C） posed（D）lodged34 Acting is defined as the ability to react to_stimuli.（A）inep
16、t（B） illiterate（C） imaginative（D）imaginary35 When birds_, they sometimes fly in formation.（A）migrate（B） hatch（C） peck（D）breed36 Calipers are instruments that can be used to_ the distance between two surfaces.（A）create（B） gauge（C） duplicate（D）enclose37 The pupil of the human eye_when the level of lig
17、ht is low.（A）denotes（B） distinguishes（C） dilates（D）proceeds38 Camels have been_for thousands of years.（A）discerned（B） complicated（C） sophisticated（D）domesticated39 The long-eared owl is found only in North America, and the short-eared owl is_.（A）opaque（B） posthumous（C） ubiquitous（D）cumulative40 When
18、 hummingbirds fly, their wing beats are so rapid that the wings seem_.（A）wretched（B） blurred（C） visualized（D）jagged三、简答题40 Based on the passage given in the section “Reading Comprehension“ above, you are required to summarize each passage within 40 50 words. Write the answers on your Answer Sheet. 4
19、1 Passage 1 :42 Passage 2: 43 Passage 3 :四、阅读理解43 THE RISE OF ANTIBIOTIC - RESISTANT INFECTIONSAWhen penicillin became widely available during the Second World War, it was a medical miracle, rapidly vanquishing the biggest wartime killerinfected wounds. Discovered initially by a French medical stude
20、nt, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896, and then rediscovered by Scottish physician Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin crippled many types of disease-causing bacteria. But just four years after drug companies began mass-producing penicillin in 1943, microbes began appearing that could resist it.B“There was
21、 complacency in the 1980s. The perception was that we had licked the bacterial infection problem. Drug companies werent working on new agents. They were concentrating on other areas, such as viral infections, “ says Michael Blum, M.D., medical officer in the Food and Drug Administrations division of
22、 anti-infective drug products. “ In the meantime, resistance increased to a number of commonly used antibiotics, possibly related to overuse. In the 1990s, weve come to a point for certain infections that we dont have agents available. “CThe increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcom
23、e of evolution. Any population of organisms, bacteria included, naturally includes variants with unusual traitsin this case, the ability to withstand an antibiotics attack on a microbe. When a person takes an antibiotic, the drug kills the defenceless bacteria, leaving behindor “selecting“ in biolog
24、ical termsthose that can resist it. These renegade bacteria then multiply, increasing their numbers a million fold in a day, becoming the predominant microorganism. “Whenever antibiotics are used, there is selective pressure for resistance to occur. More and more organisms develop resistance to more
25、 and more drugs, “ says Joe Cranston, Ph.D., director of the department of drug policy and standards at the American Medical Association in Chicago.DDisease-causing microbes thwart antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action. For example, penicillin kills bacteria by attaching to their
26、 cell walls, then destroying a key part of the wall. The wall falls apart, and the bacterium dies. Resistant microbes, however, either alter their cell walls so penicillin cant bind or produce enzymes that dismantle the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria acquire gen
27、es conferring resistance in different ways. Bacterial DNA may mutate spontaneously. Drug-resistant tuberculosis arises this way. Another way is called transformation where one bacterium may take up DNA from another bacterium. Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired from a small circle of D
28、NA called a plasmid, which can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A single plasmid can provide a slew of different resistances.EMany of us have come to take antibiotics for granted. A child develops a sore throat or an ear infection, and soon a bottle of pink medicine makes everything bette
29、r. Linda McCaig, a scientist at the CDC, comments that “ many consumers have an expectation that when theyre ill, antibiotics are the answer. Most of the time the illness is viral, and antibiotics are not the answer. This large burden of antibiotics is certainly selecting resistant bacteria. “ McCai
30、g and Peter Killeen, a fellow scientist at the CDC, tracked antibiotic use in treating common illnesses. The report cites nearly 6 million antibiotic prescriptions for sinusitis alone in 1985, and nearly 13 million in 1992. Ironically, advances in modern medicine have made more people predisposed to
31、 infection. McCaig notes that “there are a number of immunocompromised patients who wouldnt have survived in earlier times. Radical procedures produce patients who are in difficult shape in the hospital, and there is routine use of antibiotics to prevent infection in these patients.FThere are measur
32、es we can take to slow the inevitable resistance. Barbara Murray, M.D., of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston writes that “ simple improvements in public health measures can go a long way towards preventing infection“. Such approaches include more frequent hand washing by health-care
33、workers, quick identification and isolation of patients with drug-resistant infections, and improving sewage systems and water purity. Drug manufacturers are also once again becoming interested in developing new antibiotics. The FDA is doing all it can to speed development and availability of new an
34、tibiotic drugs. “We cant identify new agentsthats the job of the pharmaceutical industry. But once they have identified a promising new drug, what we can do is to meet with the company very early and help design the development plan and clinical trials, “ says Blum. “In addition, drugs in developmen
35、t can be used for patients with multi-drug-resistant infections on an emergency compassionate use basis for people with AIDS or cancer, for example, “ Blum adds. Appropriate prescribing is important. This means that physicians use a narrow spectrum antibiotics those that target only a few bacterial
36、typeswhenever possible, so that resistances can be restricted. “There has been a shift to using costlier, broader spectrum agents. This prescribing trend heightens the resistance problem because more diverse bacteria are being exposed to antibiotics, “ writes Killeen. So, while awaiting the next won
37、der drug, we must appreciate, and use correctly, the ones that we already have. Another problem with antibiotic use is that patients often stop taking the drug too soon, because symptoms improve. However, this merely encourages resistant microbes to proliferate. The infection returns a few weeks lat
38、er, and this time a different drug must be used to treat it. The conclusion: resistance can be slowed if patients take medications correctly.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has 6 paragraphs(A - F). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information? Write the appropriate letters(A-F)on your An
39、swer Sheet.44 How antibiotic resistance happens?45 The survival of the fittest bacteria.46 Factors to consider in solving the antibiotic-resistant bacteria problem.47 The impact of the discovery of the first antibiotic.48 The misuse and overuse of antibiotics.49 The cessation of research into combat
40、ing bacterial infections.49 Questions 7-10Match the views 7-10 with the people listed in the following box. Write the appropriate letters on your Answer Sheet.50 Antibiotics are sometimes used to only prevent infections.51 Choosing the correct antibiotic for particular infections is important.52 Tod
41、ay there are some bacterial infections for which we have no effective antibiotic.53 Untested drugs can be used on terminal patients as a last resort.PK Peter KilleenJC Joe CranstonLM Linda McCaigMB Michael BlumBM Barbara Murray53 In his classic novel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero
42、, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?“ she asks. Hes astonis
43、hed she cant see them. “Where! Everywhere, “ he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they were as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mind edness: the ability t
44、o see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for me American is always becoming, never being. “In 2012, America will still be the place where the future happen
45、s first, for that is the nations oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories, Gods kingdom on earth. The early pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were convinced that even more a
46、mazing land could be found over the next ridge. The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built on bands of iron. Its now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot-com entrepreneurs
47、of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon. “The Future is the Bible of the Free. “This future-mindedness explains many modern features of American life. It explains workaholism; the average American works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans move mor
48、e, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other lands. They also, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries. Forty-five percent of world Internet use takes place in
49、 the United States. Even today, after the bursting of the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firmswhich are in the business of betting on the futuredwarf the firms from all other nations.Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenz
