1、考研英语模拟试卷 335（无答案）一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographers fidelity to appearances
2、 and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art (1)_ distinctive from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the (2)_ to establish it as a fine art. (3)_ the charge that photographers was a soulless mechanical duplication of
3、(4)_, photographers (5)_ that it was instead a privileged (6)_ of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and (7)_ worthy an art than painting.Ironically, (8)_ photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or (9)_ to label it as such. Serious photogra
4、phers are no longer willing to (10)_ whether photography is not involved with art, (11)_ to proclaim that their own work is not involved with it. This shows the extent (12)_ which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the (13)_ of Modernism. the better the art, the more subversi
5、ve it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the troubled status of the contemporary (14)_ of art (15)_ about whether photography is or is not art. Photography, (16)_ Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photograp
6、hy seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, (17)_, has developed all the (18)_ and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the (19)_ of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has
7、gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity(20)_, an art.（A）for（B） apart（C） as（D）beside（A）intend（B） wish（C） plea（D）struggle（A）Against（B） Above（C） With（D）Upon（A）idea（B） reality（C） illusion（D）truth（A）consented（B） asserted（C） complained（D）assumed（A）mea
8、ns（B） style（C） medium（D）way（A）no less（B） much more（C） no more（D）any more（A）if only（B） even though（C） now that（D）only if（A）illogical（B） improbable（C） improper（D）irrelevant（A）rally（B） debate（C） estimate（D）revision（A）but（B） except（C） only（D）besides（A）with（B） at（C） to（D）from（A）preach（B） defeat（C） return
9、（D）triumph（A）fashion（B） swing（C） motion（D）image（A）than（B） that（C） which（D）as（A）like（B） such as（C） excluding（D）aside from（A）hence（B） however（C） therefore（D）somewhat（A）agonies（B） grievances（C） passions（D）anxieties（A）popularity（B） assignment（C） promotion（D）transfer（A）in short（B） for example（C） in effec
10、t,（D）in a sensePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 Even before canaries(特高频噪声) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to the presence of poisonous gas, birds were giving us early warning calls signaling
11、the Earths deteriorating environmental health. Global bird populations have shrunk by up to 25% since preagricultural(农业社会前的 ) times. Over the past 300 years, farmland has expanded from six percent of the Earths surface to nearly 33%.Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests
12、 as their principal habitat; each year, however, some 13,000,000 hectares of forests are destroyed, an area the size of Greece. Nearly half the woodlands lost are relatively undisturbed primary forests that are home to a number of sensitive birds and other creatures.Direct exploitation, including hu
13、nting for food and capture for the pet trade, is the second greatest danger after habitat loss, while next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species. As people travel to all parts of the globe, so too do the pests and pets that prey on, out-compete, or alter the habitat of
14、native wildlife.Pollution poses an additional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species. In addition to direct poisoning from fertilizer and pesticide applications, runoff of chemicals contaminates the wetlands that migrating waterfowl rely on. Persistent organic pollutants accumulate in th
15、e food chain and can lead to deformities, reproductive failure, and disease in birds.Worldwide, one-third of plant and animal species could become extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change, a relatively new threat. Global temperature spikes have brought severe alterations to the migration, breed
16、ing, and habitat ranges of some birds.In addition to these looming dangers, seven percent of threatened bird species are at risk from incidental mortality. A rapid decline in seabird populations over the last 15 years corresponds with the growth in commercial longline fisheries. In Europe, Central A
17、sia, and Africa, electrocution on power lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors. Moreover, countless birds die each year from collisions with windows, the number-one cause of U.S. avian mortality.If birds disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide. Preventing the extinct
18、ion of additional bird populations depends largely on protecting the worlds remaining wild spaces and preserving the health of our natural and altered ecosystems.Reports that the ivory-billed woodpecker, long thought to be extinct, is still with us thrilled bird watchers and others, but this sort of
19、 second chance seldom occurs in nature. Even with continued habitat protection, once wildlife populations drop dramatically, a rebound is far from guaranteed. Without stabilizing climate and human numbers, putting fences around all the parks in the world will not lie enough to protect threatened spe
20、cies.21 Which of the following statement has nothing to do with the drastically declining number of birds?（A）Loss of forests that are home of birds.（B） Toxic chemicals that may cause diseases to birds.（C） Their habitat area in Greece that has been destroyed.（D）Animals from other continents by the pr
21、ocess of globalization.22 Which of the following is not true of the text?（A）A cat can kill all the birds on an island where there used to be no cat at all.（B） People are accustomed to catch birds for food and pets.（C） Electricity wires can be extremely dangerous for birds.（D）Birds that are not kille
22、d by direct poison will not be harmed by it any more.23 It can be inferred from the text that by year 2050 _（A）the species of plants and animals will shrink to one third of the original amount.（B） the climate will become unsuitable for residence.（C） migrate birds may be in danger because of changes
23、in climate.（D）most animals will change their habitats to a large extent.24 By introducing the example of the ivory-billed woodpecker, the author intends to _（A）display the miracle of nature.（B） warn that such cases may never occur again.（C） call for protection of national parks.（D）show that the spec
24、ie is precious.25 According to the author, which is the most feasible way to protect birds?（A）Use fences to protect all the parks in the world.（B） Try to protect wild space and nature.（C） Abandon the economic values that birds can bring.（D）Rely less on agriculture and return farmlands to forests.25
25、In a provocative new book The Beauty Bias Deborah Rhode, a Stanford law professor who proposes a legal regime in which discrimination on the basis of looks is as serious as discrimination based on gender or race, lays out the case for an America in which appearance discrimination is no longer allowe
26、d.Rhode is at her most persuasive when arguing that in America, discrimination against unattractive women and short men is as pernicious and widespread as bias based on race, sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and disability. Rhode cites research to prove her point; 11 percent of surveyed couples say th
27、ey would abort a fetus predisposed toward obesity. College students tell surveyors theyd rather have a spouse who is an embezzler, drug user, or a shoplifter than one who is obese. The less attractive you are in America, the more likely you are to receive a longer prison sentence, a lower damage awa
28、rd, a lower salary, and poorer performance reviews. You are less likely to be married and more likely to be poor.And all of this is compounded by a virtually unregulated beauty and diet industry and soaring rates of elective cosmetic surgery. Rhode reminds us how Hillary Clinton and Sonia Sotomayor
29、were savaged by the media for their looks, and says it s no surprise that Sarah Palm paid her makeup artist more than any member of her staff in her run for the vice presidency.Critics such as Andrew Sullivan claim that if we legally ban appearance discrimination, the next step will be legal protect
30、ion of “the short, the skinny, the bald, the knobbly kneed, the flat-chested and the stupid. “ But Rhode points out that there are already laws against appearance discrimination on the books in Michigan and six other locales. This hasn t resulted in an explosion of frivolous suits, she notes. In eac
31、h jurisdiction the new laws have generated between zero and nine cases annually.Of course the problem with making appearance discrimination illegal is that Americans just really, really like hot girls. And so long as being a hot girl is deemed a bona fide occupational qualification, there will be co
32、cktail waitresses fired for gaining three pounds. It s not just American men who like things this way. In the most troubling chapter in her book, Rhode explores the feminist movements complicated relationship to eternal youth. The truth is that women feel good about competing in beauty pageants. The
33、y love six-inch heels. They feel beautiful after cosmetic surgery. You can t succeed in public life if you look old in America.This doesnt mean we shouldn t work toward eradicating discrimination based on appearance. But it may mean recognizing that the law won t stop us from discriminating against
34、the overweight, the aging , and the imperfect, so long as it s the quality we all hate most in ourselves.26 Rhode tries to argue that appearance discrimination_.（A）should be dealt with in a separate law（B） should not affect a persons choice of a spouse（C） is very harmful and rampant in social life（D
35、）should be prohibited in work places27 The examples of Hilary and Sonia show that_.（A）how they look affect their public life（B） the public vote for them for how they look（C） they have become victims to the beauty industry（D）politicians cannot afford to offend the media28 We can infer from Paragraph
36、4 that laws against appearance discrimination_.（A）are actually nothing new in Rhodes proposal（B） are not effective enough in Michigan and other places（C） will come into effect nationally in a very short time（D）are expected by Sullivan to incur many frivolous lawsuits29 We can conclude from the last
37、two paragraphs that_.（A）making appearance discrimination laws in America is almost impossible（B） changing our mindset is as important as making appearance discrimination laws（C） appearance discrimination laws cannot stop us from hating ourselves（D）Rhode cannot reconcile feminists ideals with women s
38、 desire for eternal youth30 The text is most likely to be _.（A）a book review（B） an editorial（C） a scientific report（D）a success story31 St. Paul didnt like it. Moses warned his people against it. Hesiod declared it “mischievous“ and “hard to get rid of it“, but Oscar Wilder said, “Gossip is charming
39、.“History is merely gossip,“ he wrote in one of his famous plays. “But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality.“In times past, under Jewish law, gossipmongers might be fined or flogged. The Puritans put them in stocks or ducking stools, but no punishment seemed to have the desired effect of preve
40、nting gossip, which has continued uninterrupted across the back fences of the centuries.Today, however, the much-maligned human foible is being looked at in a different light, Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, even evolutionary biologists are concluding that gossip may not be so bad after a
41、ll.Gossip is “an intrinsically valuable activity“, philosophy professor Aaron Ben-Zeev states in a book he has edited, entitled Good Gossip. For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesnt come through ordinary channels, such as; “What was the real reason so-and-s
42、o was fired from the office?“ Gossip also is a form of social bonding, Dr. Ben-Zeev says. It is “a kind of sharing“ that also “satisfies the tribal need namely, the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group“. Whats more, the professor notes, “Gossip is enjoyable.“Another gossip groupie, Dr
43、. Ronald De Souse, a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, describes gossip basically as a form of indiscretion and a “saintly virtue“, by which be means that the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial. “It seems likely that a world in which all info
44、rmation were universally available would be preferable to a world where immense power resides in the control of secrets,“ he writes.Still, everybody knows that gossip can have its iii effects, especially on the poor wretch being gossiped about. And people should refrain from certain kinds of gossip
45、that might be harmful, even though the ducking stool is long out of fashion.By the way, there is also an interesting strain of gossip called medical gossip, which in its best form, according to researchers Jerry M. Suls and Franklin Goodkin, can motivate people with symptoms of serious illness, but
46、who are unaware of it, to seek medical help.So go ahead and gossip. But remember, if (as often is the case among gossipers) you should suddenly become one of the gossipees instead, it is best to employ the foolproof defense recommended by Plato, who may have learned the lesson from Socrates, who as
47、you know was the victim of gossip spread that he was corrupting the youth of Athens; When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them. Or, as Will Rogers said, “Live so that you wouldnt be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip.“31 Persons remarks are mentioned at the
48、beginning of the text to_.（A）show the general disapproval of gossip（B） introduce the topic of gossip（C） examine gossip from a historical perspective（D）prove the real value of gossip32 By “Gossip also is a form of social bonding“(Para. 5), Professor Aaron Ben-Zeev means gossip_.（A）is a valuable sourc
49、e of social information（B） produces a joy that most people in society need（C） brings people the feel of being part of a group（D）satisfies peoples need of being unusual33 Which of the following statements is true according to the text?.（A）Everyone involved will not benefit from gossip.（B） Philosophers may hold different attitudes toward gossip.（C） Dr. Ronald De Sousa regards gossips as perfectly advantageous.（D）People are generally n
