1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 104（无答案）一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 A great many creatures have what are called warning colours, that is to say, the colouration warns every creature that the animal in
2、 question is dangerous. The skunk(臭鼬) is one of the best (1)_ of this, with his brilliant black and white fur. He walks (2)_ even in broad daylight and shows no (3)_ when he sees you. He heavily (4)_ his feet and puts his (5)_ up in the air, daring you not to come (6)_ closer. And if you dont take (
3、7)_ of the warning he will spray you with his evil-smelling (8)_, and no animal that has been (9)_ by a skunk will let it happen (10)_In the Reptile House at a zoo you will probably find a case (11)_ of small tree frogs. Now, a great (12)_ of creatures like to eat frogs, and so some frogs as a (13)_
4、 can ooze out a substance on their skin (14)_ makes them taste horrible. These frogs are generally banded (15)_ bright warning colours, like orange, red, yellow and bright green. This, of course, makes them (16)_ like brightly-coloured sweets, and rather good to (17)_ but the birds and animals in th
5、e forest have learnt (18)_ bitter experience that these frogs are the (19)_ that tastes the worst, and so they leave them (20)_.（A）creature（B） thing（C） example（D）warning（A）about（B） on（C） out（D）over（A）colour（B） danger（C） fear（D）sign（A）stamps（B） changes（C） beats（D）moves（A）head（B） feet（C） tail（D）nose（A
6、）still（B） even（C） much（D）any（A）care（B） chance（C） advice（D）notice（A）fluid（B） gas（C） oil（D）colour（A）caught（B） sprayed（C） warned（D）seen（A）more（B） soon（C） twice（D）too（A）full（B） Short（C） instead（D）typical（A）many（B） part（C） amount（D）number（A）whole（B） means（C） wish（D）protection（A）it（B） and（C） which（D）where
7、（A）with（B） by（C） as（D）in（A）feel（B） all（C） look（D）much（A）make（B） eat（C） see（D）look（A）at（B） with（C） in（D）of（A）sweets（B） food（C） substances（D）ones（A）ahead（B） about（C） alone（D）asideGrammar21 They are considering_the house before the prices go down.（A）selling（B） of selling（C） to sell（D）over selling22 _ w
8、ealthy does not necessarily mean that a man is greedy.（A）For the reason that he is（B） The reason of being（C） Just because he is（D）That he is23 The neighbors_you very much for you to speak in that way about them.（A）must annoy（B） may annoy（C） must have annoyed（D）could have annoyed24 AIDS is said_the N
9、o. 1 killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.（A）being（B） to be（C） to have been（D）having been25 It is imperative that students_their term papers on time.（A）hand in（B） would hand in（C） have to hand in（D）handed in26 The game of golf became so popular in Scotland in order to
10、keep people from playing golf when they_ archery, a military necessity, the Scottish parliament passed a special law in 145The Scottish people, however, largely ignored this similar laws.（A）should have been practicing（B） should be practicing（C） had been practicing（D）were practicing27 _ evidence that
11、 language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.（A）It being（B） It is（C） There is（D）There being28 Arent you tired? I_you had done enough for today.（A）should have thought（B） must have thought（C） might have thought（D）could have thought29 _that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work muc
12、h better.（A）For（B） Now（C） Since（D）Despite30 Copernicus maintained that the earth_round the sun.（A）moves（B） moved（C） moving（D）movePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 The first man who, having enclosed a piece of
13、 ground, reminded himself of saying This is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society. Now it is not the land is being enclosed, but the rest of the natural world. In many countries, nature is being valued and commodified so that it can be exchanged f
14、or cash. We dont call it nature any more; now the proper term is “natural capital“. Natural processes have become “ecosystem services“, as they exist only to serve us.The argument in favour of this approach is coherent and plausible. Business currently treats the natural world as if it is worth noth
15、ing. Pricing nature and incorporating that price into the cost of goods and services creates an economic incentive for its protection. It certainly appeals to both business and the self-hating states.Payments for ecosystem services look to me like the prelude to the greatest privatization. The gover
16、nment has already begun describing land owners as the “providers“ of ecosystem services, as if they had created the rain and the hills and the rivers and the wildlife that inhabits them. They are to be paid for these services, either by the government or by “users“. Land ownership since the time of
17、the first deceiver has involved the gradual accumulation of exclusive rights, which were seized from commoners. Payments for ecosystem services extend this encroachment by appointing the landlord as the owner of the wildlife, the water flow, the natural processes that were previously deemed to belon
18、g to everyone and no one.But it doesnt end there. Once a resource has been commodified, speculators and traders step in. The Ecosystem Markets Task Force now talks of “harnessing City financial expertise to assess the ways that these blended revenue streams and securitisations enhance the ROIreturn
19、on investmentof an environmental bond“. This gives you an idea of how far this process has gone and of the officialese it has begun to generate.Like other aspects of neoliberalism, the commodification of nature forestalls democratic choice. No longer will we be able to argue that an ecosystem or a l
20、andscape should be protected because it affords us wonder and delight; well be told that its intrinsic value has already been calculated and, doubtless, that it turns out to be worth less than the other uses to which the land could be put. The market has spoken; end of debate.All those messy, subjec
21、tive matters, the motivating forces of democracy, will be resolved in a column of figures. Governments wont need to regulate; the market will make the decisions that politicians have ducked. But trade is an unstable master, and unresponsive to anyone except those with the money. The costing and sale
22、 of nature represents another transfer of power to corporations and the very rich.31 According to the advocates, the commodification of nature offers a stimulus to_.（A）business development（B） resources conservation（C） economic growth（D）political progress32 The author argues in paragraph 3 that payme
23、nts for ecosystem services may bring_.（A）the full privatization of land（B） the robbery of common resources（C） the rational exploitation of natural resources（D）desirable ecosystem services33 By citing The Ecosystem Markets Task Force, the author intends to show_,（A）the specific ways that resources ar
24、e commodified（B） the profitability of the commodification of nature（C） in what ways the return on investment are assessed（D）to what extent commodification of nature has gone34 We can infer from paragraph 5 that neoliberalism mainly claims_.（A）democratic choice（B） spiritual enjoyment（C） free competit
25、ion（D）government guidance35 What is the best title for this text?（A）Resources Privatization Since the Land Enclosure（B） A New Thinking on Nature Protection（C） A Looming Threat to Ecosystem（D）Pricing Nature Will Diminish Us All36 Every product on the market has a variety of costs built into it before
26、 it is ever put up for sale to a customer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more. Each of these costs must bring in some profit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several l
27、ayers of profits. The selling price of a product must take all of these costs(and built-in profits) into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost.The markup may be quite high 90 percent of cos
28、t or it may be low. Grocery items in a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink cost have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal
29、 has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits.While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pricing means setting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style
30、of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers.Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores.
31、 The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in the store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has
32、 no intention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low-priced item. Then a higher priced item is presented as a better alternative.A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store
33、 will set the price at $295 or $299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high-priced products are usually priced in this manner. For some reason $7995 has more appear to a potential car customer than $8000.Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used
34、in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked to submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as w
35、ell on considerations of quality and service.36 We learn from the second paragraph, _.（A）reducing cost is the surest way to increase profits（B） profits depend on how fast goods are moving（C） fair markup promise the greatest profits（D）lower markup brings reasonable profits37 In a department store, th
36、e purpose of showing clients bait priced items is to _.（A）demonstrate the bad quality of these items（B） get them to purchase some other articles（C） earn some dirty money from these items（D）persuade them to buy what they dont really need38 Odd even pricing method _.（A）is often used with very expensiv
37、e items（B） is only effective on potential car customers（C） is the most popular way of pricing a product（D）is the most effective way of selling low-priced products39 In a bidding deal, _.（A）the buyer search from place to place for desired object（B） the government selects the best items（C） the governm
38、ent transacts with an individual（D）the sellers compete with each other for the bid40 If you want to sell a car about $80,000, youd better set the price at _.（A）￥80,000（B） ￥75,000（C） ￥78,000（D）￥79,99541 The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the
39、strength of traditions, and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to traditional orientation. One of the famous spokesmen of Japans “Enlightenment“ claimed “the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things
40、 possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere“. Another break of relative liberalism followed World War , when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especiall
41、y, students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant.Following the end of World War , substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. Th
42、e new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, demo
43、cratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; hut in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth
44、who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationship in many institutions, including political parties and univ
45、ersities is the “oyabun-kobun“ or parent-child relation. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the gr
46、oup in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The “oyabun-kobun“ creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usu
47、ally taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even with the same profession.41 The spokesman of Japans “Enlightenment“ thinks that（A）the traditional culture should be replaced by western civilization.（B） Japane
48、se ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the East.（C） the Confucian civilization in Japan should be revived.（D）Japan should introduce western civilization.42 Which of the following statement of the Japans culture is true according to the passage?（A）Substantial changes occurred in democratic
49、 process at the end of World War .（B） The democratic idea was accepted immediately by the whole society after the World War .（C） Nowadays the Confucianism outweighs the new value system in Japan.（D）Today the Confucianism is a functioning part of the Japanese society.43 Today in Japan, democratic values（A）are frequently misunderstood and exaggerated by the young.（B） have been systematically ex
