1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 43 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resource
2、s it owns, and does so badly. Often,【C1 】 _. governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and【C2】_of natural resources. A whole【C3】_of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and(often) 【C4】_no economic sense.
3、Scrapping them offers a two-fold【C5】_: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to【C6 】_the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming. It shape
4、s a third of the planets land area, not【C7】_Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in【C8 】_from land already in【C9】 _, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Highe
5、r yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a【C10】_in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.All these activities may have【C11】_environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single【C12】_of deforestat
6、ion; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may【C13】_water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods【C14】_exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the【C15】_of old varieties of food plants whi
7、ch【C16】_some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States,【C17】_the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate【C18】
8、_to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently【C19】_a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is【C20】_much faster than in America.1 【C1 】（A）however（B） therefore（C） but（D）hence2 【C2 】（A）conjunction（B） compensation（C） consumptio
9、n（D）constitution3 【C3 】（A）area（B） range（C） scope（D）field4 【C4 】（A）take（B） hold（C） lose（D）make5 【C5 】（A）profit（B） bonus（C） benefit（D）prize6 【C6 】（A）confront（B） confine（C） conform（D）confuse7 【C7 】（A）thinking（B） considering（C） longing（D）counting8 【C8 】（A）outputs（B） supplies（C） yields（D）outcomes9 【C9 】（
10、A）revolution（B） civilization（C） reservation（D）cultivation10 【C10 】（A）doubling（B） reducing（C） dismissing（D）repeating11 【C11 】（A）destroying（B） damaging（C） injuring（D）ruining12 【C12 】（A）excuse（B） justification（C） cause（D）ground13 【C13 】（A）purify（B） clean（C） dirty（D）contaminate14 【C14 】（A）come to（B） bri
11、ng to（C） tend to（D）stand to15 【C15 】（A）disappearance（B） discovery（C） disposition（D）disturbance16 【C16 】（A）must have been provided（B） might have provided（C） must have provided（D）might have been provided17 【C17 】（A）when（B） while（C） which（D）where18 【C18 】（A）probable（B） capable（C） likely（D）hopeful19 【C1
12、9 】（A）set up（B） take up（C） build up（D）make up20 【C20 】（A）vanishing（B） staying（C） appearing（D）dissolvingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and propert
13、y rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as som
14、ething much more temporary and tentative than we do.The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than an order of God.
15、Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individuals, didnt own that plot of land, that house,
16、that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell?It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the
17、“fruit of labor.“ If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first c
18、laim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made(an ownership)claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate. It must be clear that in modern society the socia
19、l heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “Thattha
20、t right there is the fruit of my labor.“ We can say, as a society, as a nationas a world, reallythat what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity.We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constant
21、ly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim, dependent on the extent to which those without stick.21 According to the passage, the concept of ownership probably_.（A）resulted from the concept of property right（B） stemmed from the uncovered preh
22、istoric ages（C） arose from the generous blessing of the Creator（D）originated from the undetected Middle Ages22 The author thinks private ownership to be_.（A）a necessary invention of mankind（B） an inherent right of a human being（C） a permanent arrangement for society（D）an explicit idea of some indivi
23、duals23 We learn by inference that private property may_.（A）be viewed as a design of inventive powers（B） be treated as a discovery of our ancestors（C） function as the universal rule of trading（D）serve as the basis of market economy24 It is reasonable to claim ones own fruit of labor because_.（A）his
24、labor accounts for the product and its value（B） he has the priority to lay claim on the product（C） his labor is widely recognized and respected（D）he has the grounds for making claims first25 Private ownership of property is described at the end of the passage as_.（A）a production of early mans manual
25、 work（B） a demand for greater productivity in industry（C） varying with the shift in human agreements（D）denied by socialized production and exchange25 There are more differences between the United States and Japan than conflicting values during World War II. Cultural and societal differences between
26、the two nations and its peoples shaped beliefs and perceptions and thus interactions within those societies and between them as well.The Japanese media made sure to cast the United States in a negative light during the war. Even afterward, they would distort everything from Ted Kennedys car accident
27、 and the death of Mary Jo Kopechne to important battles and events. During World War II, newspapers tried to give the public what they wanted for morale. Positive news was widely broadcast, but anything negative was also distorted or hidden. Sons or husbands who died during World War II were heroes,
28、 for sure, but the concept of suicide missions was unknown to the Japanese.The dropping of “warning fliers“ by the United States before the atomic bomb was let go is controversial. Some feel they were fair and that the Japanese denied their existence and failed to adequately warn the people. Others
29、think they were a part of psychological warfare, really dropped after Anola Gay flew off to Hiroshima, and merely acting as a doubtful precursor of any future attacks.The war and the role of the Japanese government caused uncertainty and hatred among the Japanese toward Americans. Any of the few whi
30、te people living in Japan sometimes had their houses searched not by the government, but by curious neighbors. “What I never got used to was my home being searched; nothing ever stolen, just investigated frequently,“ said one American woman living in Japan at the time.The Japanese looked upon Americ
31、ans as crude and immoral, by their standards, as a melting pot without a culture of its own. They also underestimated Americas ability to unite for a cause and develop such a powerful bomb, perhaps because of the broadcasts by the Japanese media.The United States citizens looked down upon the Japane
32、se as well, disgusted by the brutality of medical experimentation on human subjects by the Japanese government. The treatment of POWs angered the United States as well; the notable photo of Australian Sgt. Leonard Siffleet about to be beheaded with a sword didnt help with anti-Japanese sentiments, w
33、hich probably began with the “sneak attack“ on Pearl Harbor.Similarly to the actions of the Japanese media during World War II, the United States felt it necessary to dehumanize the enemy with bombs. Their refusal to accept defeat angered and put off Americans, as did Japanese propaganda. Boycotts o
34、n Japanese products popped up in America.Culture clashes continue to leave gaps between America and Japan. News of sexual slavery during WWII on the part of Japan, and anti-Japanese sentiments evident in American societal products and business, keep the nations apart.26 The examples of Kennedy and M
35、ary were provided to_.（A）disguise some bad information（B） uncover the truth about Japanese（C） show the prejudice in the media（D）reveal the cultural differences27 The author quoted one American woman so as to_.（A）argue that the Japanese in general distrusted Americans（B） show how curious Japanese peo
36、ple were towards foreigners（C） warn Americans of the possible dangers living in Japan（D）demonstrate the positive role of the Japanese government28 Which of the following does NOT describe Japanese view of American culture?（A）Weak-unitedness.（B） Lack of morality.（C） Melting pot.（D）Cruel mind.29 Ameri
37、can disrespect for the Japanese is expressed in_.（A）winning the war with atomic bombs（B） stopping buying Japanese-made goods（C） using human bodies for experiment（D）taking brute revenge on Pearl Harbor30 In the following text, the author will deal with_.（A）detailed description of the way Japan surpri
38、singly attacked Pearl harbour（B） more reports of how the Japanese intentionally abused media coverage（C） ways of narrowing the cultural differences between the two countries（D）reasons of why peoples beliefs and perceptions an be formed by media30 Successful businesses tend to continue implementing t
39、he ideas that made them successful. But in a rapidly changing world, ideas often become obsolete overnight. What worked in the past wont necessarily work in the future. In order to thrive in the future, you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. In fact, you must continu
40、ally generate new ideas just to keep your head above water. Businesses that arent creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest, most successful man on the planet, he did not anticipate the Internet. Now hes scrambling to catch up. If Bill Gates can miss a major aspe
41、ct of his industry, it can happen to you in your industry. Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future. Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft. Heres what he said in a recent interview in U.S. News World Report: “Will we be replaced tomorrow? No. In a ver
42、y short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company. But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame, I dont think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position. Not Intel, not Microsoft, not Compaq, not Dell, take any of your favorites. An
43、d thats totally honest.“You may remember that in 1985 the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the market. But after Coleco Industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didnt create any new toys worth mentioning. As a result, Coleco went bankrupt
44、in 1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly. The 3M Company has a 15% rule: employees are encouraged to spend 15% of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire; its no surprise,
45、then, that 3M has been around since 1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last years model of success and build a new one. Heres a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency: imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters; to cook lobsters, you put them into
46、a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat; the lobsters dont realize theyre being cooked because the process is so gradual. As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle. However, if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling, it will desperately try to esca
47、pe. This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment. It realizes instantly that its in a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.31 Judging from the context, “to keep your head above water“(Paragraph 1)probably means_.（A）to be drown（B） to keep out of financial dif
48、ficulty（C） to keep away from danger（D）to protect you from water32 Why is Gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?（A）Because he is the richest, most successful man on the planet.（B） Because his company will be replaced tomorrow.（C） Because in a very short time frame, Microsoft is a
49、n incredibly strong company.（D）Because he doesnt think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.33 Coleco Industries case suggests that_.（A）the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the market（B） the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls are sensational line of dolls（C） complacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a business（D）the most successful businesses survive in the long
