1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 48 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The Pew Foundation discovered in a recent【C1 】_that tensions over inequality in wealth now【C2】_tensions over race and immigration.
2、But income inequality isnt really the problem. A new upper class is the problem. And their wealth isnt what sets them【C3】_or creates so much【C4 】_toward them.Lets take a guycall him Hankwho built a successful auto-repair business and【C5】_it to 30 locations, and now his【C6】_in the business is worth $
3、100 million. He went to a second-tier state university, or maybe he didnt complete college at all. He grew up in a working-class or middle-class home and married a woman who didnt complete college, either. He now lives in a neighborhood with other rich people, but theyre mostly other people who got
4、rich the same way he did. He has a lot of money, but he doesnt have power or influence over national culture, politics or economy,【C7】_does he even have any particular influence over the culture, politics or economy of the city where he lives. Hes just rich.The new upper class is different. It consi
5、sts of the people who run the country. By “ the people who run the country,“ I mean a small【C8】_of peoplewell under 100,000, by a【C9 】_definitionwho are【C10】_for the films and television shows you watch, the news you see and read, the success(or failure)of the nations leading corporations and financ
6、ial institutions and the jurisprudence, legislation and regulations produced by government.What makes the new upper class new is that its members not only have power and influence but also increasingly【C11】_a common culture that【C12】_them from the rest of the country. Fifty years ago, the people who
7、 rose to the most influential positions overwhelmingly had Hanks kind of【C13】_, thoroughly【C14】_in the American mainstream. They have【C15】_tastes and preferences and seek out enclaves of others who share them. Their culture【C16 】_little with the lifestyle or the popular culture of the rest of the na
8、tion; in fact, members of the new upper class increasingly【 C17】_that mainstream lifestyle and culture. If this divide continues to widen, it will completely destroy【C18】_has made Americas national civic culture【C19】_: a fluid,【C20】_society where people from different backgrounds live side by side a
9、nd come together for the common good.1 【C1 】（A）toll（B） doll（C） poll（D）roll2 【C2 】（A）outweighs（B） outnumbers（C） outpaces（D）outgrows3 【C3 】（A）aside（B） apart（C） about（D）aboard4 【C4 】（A）hysteria（B） hospitality（C） hostility（D）hardship5 【C5 】（A）amplified（B） magnified（C） stretched（D）expanded6 【C6 】（A）inter
10、est（B） bond（C） stake（D）bonus7 【C7 】（A）either（B） nor（C） neither（D）none8 【C8 】（A）set（B） fraction（C） part（D）portion9 【C9 】（A）vigorous（B） rigorous（C） outrageous（D）conspicuous10 【C10 】（A）charging（B） responsible（C） obliging（D）presiding11 【C11 】（A）confess（B） concede（C） embrace（D）despise12 【C12 】（A）diffuse（
11、B） dismiss（C） distract（D）distinguish13 【C13 】（A）resource（B） source（C） origin（D）base14 【C14 】（A）grounded（B） immersed（C） submerged（D）absorbed15 【C15 】（A）evident（B） distinctive（C） apparent（D）obvious16 【C16 】（A）interferes（B） incorporates（C） interacts（D）instills17 【C17 】（A）look down upon（B） look out for（
12、C） look forward to（D）look up to18 【C18 】（A）that（B） all（C） what（D）those19 【C19 】（A）excessive（B） exclusive（C） exceptional（D）eccentric20 【C20 】（A）mobile（B） motive（C） modern（D）multiplyPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 poin
13、ts)20 Last week 8,400 British students about to enter university received an e-mail from the Student Loans Company(SLC), a government body, reminding them to complete their application forms. It came with an attachment that listed all 8,400 e-mail addresses. The outfit later issued a sheepish apolog
14、y and promised an “internal investigation“. At best, such data breaches make a small dent in a firms reputation and the whole thing blows over, as it did SLCs case; at worst, though, companies lose the trust of their customers and also have to pay large fines. Sony, an ailing Japanese electronics gi
15、ant, may never quite recover from breach last year, when hackers stole the personal details of over 100m customers.The explosion of data in recent years was always going to make data breaches more common, as two recent reports make clear. The first is an annual publication commissioned by Symantec,
16、a maker of security software, and carried out by the Ponemon Institute, a data-protection researcher, to look into the cost of data breaches in several countries. Now in its seventh year, the report had some good news for Americans. Calculating the costs of investigations, compensation, customer sup
17、port and projected loss of revenue, it found that the average cost to a company per breached record declined for the first time since the numbers are tracked. The figure dropped from $214 in 2010 to $194 in 2011, suggesting that companies had become better both at preventing and responding to breach
18、es.Europeans fared less well. The cost rose from 71 to 79($113 to $126)in Britain, from 98 to 122($ 130 to $ 162)in France and from 138 to 146 in privacy-conscious Germany. In all four countries, around two-thirds of all breaches were the result of technical faults and malicious attacks. But the rem
19、aining third was down to negligence. They could, in other words, never have happened.The second study goes some way to explaining why they did. Iron Mountain, a data-management company, commissioned PricewaterhouseCoopers, a consultancy, to assess the risk of information loss faced by mid-size Europ
20、ean companies based on their attitudes to managing data. The report looks at 600 businesses in six European countries across different sectors. It found that businesses tend to regard data protection issues as the responsibility of IT departments. More than half thought that technology can solve the
21、 problem. Only 1% of the businesses surveyed believed it concerned all employeesand thus required a change in behavior.Both reports conclude that is precisely what is needed. Symantecs study found a correlation between having a senior executive in charge of information security and lower costs of da
22、ta breaches. “ It has to start at the top,“ says Marc Duale, Iron Mountains head. The best solution need not be the most expensiveemployee-awareness programs and staff training can be more effective than pricey IT upgrades. Malicious attacks may be unavoidable but silly mistakes are unforgivable.21
23、According to Paragraph 1, the Student Loan Company_.（A）was attacked by hackers maliciously just like Sony（B） responded to the data disclosure in a more diplomatic way than Sony（C） recovered more quickly from the data disclosure scandal than Sony（D）incurred heavier financial losses from data breach c
24、ase than Sony22 The first report probes into the problem of data breach by_.（A）calculating the capital that companies pour into preventing data breach（B） assessing the risk of information loss faced by different companies（C） identifying the factors that contribute to data breach（D）computing the loss
25、 and expenditure arising from data breach23 Which of the following statements is true according to the first report?（A）The problem of data breach in America is less severe than that in three European countries.（B） The majority of data breaches in America are caused by uncontrollable factors.（C） Amer
26、ica spends more in preventing data breach than its European counterparts.（D）America made progress in data protection while its European counterparts went backward.24 According to the second report, the occurrence of those data breach cases which should be avoided is a result of_.（A）an underestimatio
27、n of the risk of information loss faced by companies（B） a lack of senior executives in charge of information security（C） the negligence of duty of staff in IT department（D）the failure to instill the concept of information security into every employees25 From the last paragraph, we know that the best
28、 way to improve data protection performance, companies should_.（A）start a top-down information security training involving all employees（B） upgrade data processing software of IT department（C） equip senior executives with more knowledge about information protection（D）include data protection in the p
29、erformance assessment of all employees25 Americans are supposed to be mobile and even pushy. Saul Bellows Augie March declares, “ I am an American . first to knock, first admitted. “ In “ The Grapes of Wrath,“ young Tom Joad loads up his car with pork snacks and relatives, and the family flees the O
30、klahoma for California. Along the way, Grandma dies, but the Joads keep going.But sometime in the past 30 years, someone has hit the brakes and Americansparticularly young Americanshave become risk-averse and sedentary. The likelihood of 20-somethings moving to another state has dropped well over 40
31、 percent since the 1980s, according to calculations based on Census Bureau data. The stuck-at-home mentality hits college-educated Americans as well as those without high school degrees. Even bicycle sales are lower now than they were in 2000. Todays generation is literally going nowhere.An increasi
32、ng number of teenagers are not even bothering to get their drivers licenses. Back in the early 1980s, 80 percent of 18-year-olds proudly strutted out of the D. M. V. with new licenses, according to a study by researchers at the University of Michigans Transportation Research Institute. By 2008even b
33、efore the Great Recessionthat number had dropped to 65 percent. Though its easy to blame the high cost of cars or gasoline, Comerica Banks Automobile Affordability Index shows that it takes fewer weeks of work income to buy a car today than in the early 1980s, and inflation-adjusted gasoline prices
34、didnt get out of line until a few years ago.Perhaps young people are too happy at home checking Facebook. In a study of 15 countries, Michael Sivak, a professor at the University of Michigans Transportation Research Institute, found that when young people spent more time on the Internet, they delaye
35、d getting their drivers licenses. “ More time on Facebook probably means less time on the road,“ he said. That may mean safer roads, but it also means a bumpier, less vibrant economy.Generation Y has become Generation Why Bother. The Great Recession and the still weak economy make the trend toward r
36、isk aversion worse. Children raised during recessions ultimately take fewer risks with their investments and their jobs. Even when the recession passes, they dont strive as hard to find new jobs, and they hang on to lousy jobs longer. Research by the economist Lisa B. Kahn of the Yale School of Mana
37、gement shows that those who graduated from college during a poor economy experienced a relative wage loss even 15 years after entering the work force.In the mid-70s, back when every high school kid longed for his drivers license and a chance to hit the road and find freedom, Bruce Springsteen wrote
38、his brilliant, exciting album “ Born to Run. “ A generation later, as kids began to hunker down, Mr. Springsteen wrote his depressing “ The Ghost of Tom Joad. “ We need to reward and encourage forward movement, not slouching. That may sound harsh, but do we really want to turn into a country where y
39、oung Americans cant even recognize the courage of Tom Joad? 26 Which of the following spirit is not characteristic of Americans in the 1980s?（A）adventurous（B） reflective（C） pioneering（D）entrepreneurial27 Fewer American youngsters taking driving test is a phenomenon_.（A）stemming from a widespread con
40、cern over soaring car and petrol price（B） descriptive of a younger generation less motivated to move up in the society（C） closely correlated with the popularity of modem information technology（D）closely related with less deaths on American roads28 The point the author wants to make in Paragraph 5 is
41、 that_.（A）weak economy plays a part in the formation of a less mobile society（B） the effect of economic crisis lingers longer than people have expected（C） a less ambitious generation may result in a less vibrant economy（D）some effects of economic crisis may be too subtle to recognize29 Young people
42、raised in tough economic crisis_.（A）tend to hold a more pessimistic attitude toward life（B） are less likely to hop from job to job（C） tend to try their luck more frequently（D）are paid less than those living in booming period30 Which of the following may be the best title for this text?（A）The Faceboo
43、k Generation（B） The Lost Generation（C） The Go-nowhere Generation（D）The Recession Generation30 Like a lot of earless New Yorkers, I am generally confused by bursts of populist outrage over high gas prices. But I have always assumed that the anger is genuine. But amid the recent mania over prices hitt
44、ing $4 a gallon, I decided to figure out whether this fury is economically rational. So I took a look at data from the Census Bureau, which conducts a quarterly survey of American spending habits. During these last few years of historically high oil prices, Americans spent about $40 a week, or $2,00
45、0 a year, on gas. Thats around 5 percent of our overall spending. Its less than half of what we spend on restaurants and entertainment.High gas prices must be forcing Americans to cut back in other ways, right? Thats what the economist Lutz Kilian at the University of Michigan wondered. He looked at
46、 personal spending habits during periods of high energy prices and discovered that “ somewhat surprisingly, there is no significant decline in total expenditures on recreation,“ which was one place they expected to find frugality. In other words, Americans may protest loudly, but their economic beha
47、vior indicates a remarkable indifference to the price of oil.While sustained high gas prices would certainly produce some turmoil, so would potential spikes in countless other globally traded commodities. But theres a reason populist outcries dont start around soybean prices or magnesium spikes. Oil
48、 is the only volatile commodity that most Americans deal with directly: we are buffered from most other price swings by our relative wealth. Unlike people in poor countries, consumers here dont generally buy raw commodity foods; we buy our meals processed or prepared. With most goods, the commodity
49、price has even less impact on cost. “ When people buy a phone,“ Kilian says, “ they dont buy the copper that makes the wiring. “With gas, though, hurtling prices are unavoidable. Every day, U. S. drivers pay a price determined by forces all over the world that are hard to understand and harder for the United States to control. Even if we invested in better refineries and exploited every possible en
