1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 2 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 影响测试有效性的因素1995 年英译汉及详解The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting
2、 students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1 】The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests the
3、mselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance
4、 are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records.【F2】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with whic
5、h it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information abou
6、t what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.【F3】Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, there
7、fore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.【F4】In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot
8、 be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.【F5 】For example, they do not compensate for gross socia
9、l inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 技术与天才哪个对科学发展更重要1994 年英译汉及详解According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizon
10、s of scientific knowledge.【F1】Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【F2】“In short,“ a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the
11、 improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.“【F3】Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school
12、 that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece
13、of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileos role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.【
14、F4】Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in
15、 the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【F5】Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the drivi
16、ng force.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 科学研究的方法与人类思维的关系1993 年英译汉及详解【F1】The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.
17、There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a ch
18、emist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.【F2】It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and o
19、f course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.【F3 】You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of
20、 sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.【F4】And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquire
21、d by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus
22、 are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose(散文)during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you wil
23、l take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.【F5】Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoni
24、ng, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响1990 年英译汉及详解People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is
25、not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1 】They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors
26、. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture“.【F2】Those who support the “nature“ side of the con
27、flict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.【 F3】That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is
28、pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determinin
29、g how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations
30、about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】Supporters of the “nature“ theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what
31、 is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate r
32、esponses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7 】In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“ proponents to conclude that blacks are biological
33、ly inferior to whites.【F8】Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.16 【
34、F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】21 【F6】22 【F7】23 【F8】23 技术发展给社会带来的弊端1989 年英译汉及详解When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends the computerized machinery tha
35、t turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the n
36、ew computerized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2 】A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more
37、than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind.【F3】Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technologi
38、cal unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement“ has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonis
39、hing.【F4 】“Its humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.“ Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means
40、 a new, and invariably smaller set of workers.【F5】The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier
41、 than those who never find it.【F6】The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary. that new technology w
42、ill eventually create as many jobs as it destroys.【F7】But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people
43、more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,“ Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally fu
44、nded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.24 【F1】25 【F2】26 【F
45、3】27 【F4】28 【F5】29 【F6】30 【F7】31 【F8】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 2 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：原因状语从句和定语从句。 本句先提出观点，再进一步解释。根据
46、上文，target 即人们攻击(针对标准化测试)的目标，for 后的in attacking the tests 则是插入的状语，后面的原因状语从句中，critics 是主语，谓语部分是 divertfrom，that 引导的定语从句则修饰了 fault。最终明确了“the target is wrong”的原因。 2 【正确答案】 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和并列结构。 句子的结构是：How well引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well 是主语从句中的状语前置d
47、epends 是句子谓语。 depends 后面两个介词短语作并列宾语 uponand on。the information used 是名词+定语。with which it is interpreted 定语从句，先行词是 the skill and wisdom，代词 it 指代 the information。 3 【正确答案】 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和非谓语。 本句的主语是 whether 引导的主语从句，谓语是 depends，th
48、erefore 是一个插入语，作为逻辑关系词，翻译时位置要提前。宾语有两部分，分别由两个 upon 引出，由连词 and 连接。宾语的第二部分有一个“suchas”结构，在中文语序中，一般把例子放在前，所以可以把as 后的名词提前翻译成“例如诸如等”。 4 【正确答案】 一般来说，当能很精确界定所要测定的特征时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：省略结构和主语从句。 句子的结构是：主干结构是一个排比句 the tests work most effectively whenand least effectivelywhen
49、。连词 when 引导的是状语从句，意思是“当的时候”，从句中都是被动结构。what is to bemeasured or predicted 是第二个从句的主语。 5 【正确答案】 例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：并列结构和虚拟语气。 句子的结构是：主干结构是并列句 they do not compensate for，and thus do not tell。howable是表语前置，正常语序是youngster might have been how able。最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 等于 If he had grown up。 6 【正确答案】 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：状语从句和插入语。 句子主干结构是：not so much throughas because of意为“与其倒不如”。因为 not somuchas 是个并列结构，也就是说 so 和
