1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 435 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 If there is one central, recurring mistake the United States makes when dealing with the rest of the world, it is to assume that creating political stab
2、ility is easy. The adversaries in Iraq and Afghanistan remind us that “the most important distinction among countries concerns not their form of government but their degree of government.“ Look around. So many of the worlds problemsfrom terrorists in Waziristan to the devastating AIDS epidemic in Af
3、rica to piracy in Somaliaare caused or made worse by governments that are unable to exercise real authority over their lands or people. That was the central insight of Samuel P. Huntington, the greatest political scientist of the last half-century, who died on Christmas Eve.Huntington is most famous
4、 for The Clash of Civilizations, but his scholarly reputation properly rests on his earlier work. His analysis of political order had immediate, real-world applications. While studying the topic, he was asked by Lyndon Johnsons administration to assess the progress of the Vietnam War. After touring
5、the place he argued, in 1967 and 1968, that Americas strategy in South Vietnam was fatally flawed. The Johnson administration was trying to buy the peoples support through aid and development. But money wasnt the key, in Huntingtons view. The segments of South Vietnams population that had resisted t
6、he Viet Congs efforts had done so because they were secure within effective local communities structured around religious or ethnic ties. The United States, however, wanted to create a modern Vietnamese nation and so refused to reinforce these “backward“ sources of authority. This 40-year-old analys
7、is describes our dilemma in Afghanistan today.Huntington noticed a troubling trend. Sometimes, progress American stylemore political participation or faster economic growthactually created more problems than it solved. If a country had more people who were economically, politically and socially acti
8、ve and yet lacked effective political institutions, such as political parties, civic organizations or credible courts, the result was greater instability. That has been the story of parts of the Third World over the past three decades. Think of Pakistan, whose population has gone from 68 million in
9、1975 to 165 million today, while its government has proved ill equipped to tackle the basic tasks of education, security and social welfare.Living through change, people have often stuck with their oldest and most durable source of security: religion. That was the most important message of The Clash
10、 of Civilizations. While others were celebrating the fall of communism and the rise of globalization, he saw that with ideology disappearing as a source of human identity, religion was returning to the fore.1 The central insight of Samuel P. Huntington refers to（A）governments have the power to estab
11、lish real authority.（B） governments inability results in many global problems.（C） governments should rely on their people to exercise power.（D）terrorism can be defeated only if governments work together.2 Huntingtons analysis of political order had immediate, real-world applications in that（A）his po
12、litical views trace back to authentic study of Vietnam War.（B） his academic achievements have changed some global environments.（C） his analysis makes problems in Vietnam as well as Afghanistan clear.（D）his ideas are the fundamentals for Americas strategy in Vietnam.3 What is the troubling trend that
13、 Huntington has noticed?（A）America is to effectively reconstruct political institutions worldwide.（B） American style of enterprise is not proper in Pakistan.（C） America is to copy its way of boosting economy in other countries.（D）American way of handling things has caused some troubles.4 To which of
14、 the following statements would the author most likely agree?（A）If governments are unable to exercise its authentic authority, wars will never be seen again.（B） If a country lacked successful political parties, it will be threatened by social in stability.（C） Vietnam War is the result of poor govern
15、ing, insecure domestic and global environment.（D）Local people in Vietnam welcomed the idea of creating a modern nation with little interest.5 The most important message of The Clash of Civilizations is that（A）the oldest source of security lies in belief.（B） people believe in various concepts.（C） peo
16、ple can not get away from religion.（D）all ideologies lead to religion.5 Writing for an historical series is tricky, and the outcome is not always a success. The best overall European history in English is the old Fontana History of Europe, but it was uneven in quality, and it suffered because the vo
17、lumes appeared so far apart in time. The new Penguin History of Europe has only recently begun. But judging by this second volume in a projected eight-volume series, it is going to be a smashing success.Tim Blanning, a Cambridge history professor brings to his period knowledge, experience, sound jud
18、gment and a colorful narrative style. His broad range is evident from the start when, in place of the usual recitation of politics and battles, he expounds on such themes as communications, transport, demography and farming. Indeed, much of what might be seen as traditional history is pushed back to
19、 the fourth and final part of the book. Not the least of Mr. Blannings achievements is his integrated approach to the entire continent. He jumps nimbly from Spain to the Low Countries, from Russia to Austria, from Prussia to Turkey. Many of Europes royal families were related, after all.The author a
20、lso expertly places the history of the two greatest rivals of the day, England and France, in its wider European context. Any British Eurosceptic who thinks his countrys history is detached from continental Europes would realize from even the most inadequate reading of this book how bound up with th
21、e continent it has in fact always been.The 17th and 18th centuries in Europe were, above all, a period of war. Indeed, it seemed at times as if France and Austria, the leading martial powers in 1648, did little else but fight. Sometimes war helped to stimulate economic and commercial development. Bu
22、t it is striking that it fell to Britain, which enjoyed at least a few years of peace, to pioneer Europes industrialization.The book is stronger on the 18th century than on the second half of the 17th, reflecting the authors own historical bias. Another weakness is that, though there is a reasonable
23、 bibliography, it has no footnotes citing sources, a scandalous omission in a work with serious academic pretensions. It also sometimes takes for granted a basic grounding in the history of the period, which may be problematic for students at whom it is presumably in part aimed. But overall Mr. Blan
24、ning has produced a triumphant success.6 Which of the following is true about the old Fontana History of Europe?（A）Some parts are good, while others not.（B） It is an eight-volume historical series.（C） It is not a successful historical series.（D）It becomes less famous as time goes by.7 In the second
25、volume, Tim Blanning wrote the History of Europe（A）in a traditional way.（B） in an unconventional way.（C） in a separate way.（D）in a funny way.8 France and Austria are mentioned in Paragraph 4 to show that（A）they were the leading European military powers in the 17th century.（B） war between these two c
26、ountries failed to spur economic and commercial development.（C） war was quite a common thing in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.（D）the war between them made them lag behind England in development.9 The author thinks Mr. Blannings work is flawed because（A）it is ethnically biased.（B） it is uneve
27、n in quality.（C） it lacks bibliography.（D）it omits the footnotes.10 We can learn from the text that the second volume of the Penguin History of Europe（A）is the best book on overall European history.（B） overtly criticized British Euroscepticism.（C） explored the European history separately.（D）is an ov
28、erall success despite certain flaws.10 Theres a huge hoo-ha in America about an article published on the business website F. It starts off like this: “Guys: a word of advice. Marry pretty women or ugly ones. Short ones or tall ones. Just, whatever you do, dont marry a woman with a career.“ The write
29、r, Michael Noer cites a piece in Social Forces, a US research journal that has apparently found marrying a working woman dramatically ups the risk of having a difficult marriage. Even those with a “feminist“ outlook are happier when their husband is the primary breadwinner.You can imagine the outcry
30、 the article has caused. Women readers arent happy. What is interesting about all of this is that I suspect Noers central pointthat working women are trouble and that youre better off with an obedient little breeder or, indeed, a trophy wifeis more widely held by men than you or I might imagine.It s
31、tems in part from a sweet but inane desire for first class malehoodme man, me provide, me gain big-eyed gratitude for ace wage-earning skillsand from chronic sexual insecurity. If your nice little wife is safely at home all day, instead of running around the boardroom with men who might be somewhat
32、much better than you, shes more likely to admire your manly skills and talents when you come home at night, and not realize what shes missing.Thats the theory, anyway. The practice, I have observed over the years, is somewhat different. Men love nothing more than coming home to an ordered house, sle
33、eping children, dinner in the oven and a cocktail waiting on the table, but they dont necessarily go a whole hog on the conversation that goes with it: “Such a funny thing happened at playgroup“; “Ive found that if I puree the broccoli, they dont really notice theyre eating it“. And so on. Then wome
34、n are all surprised when men seem not to listen, or to be distracted.She doesnt want to talk about broccoli either but her brain seems to be withering more and more with the birth of each child. She wants to watch Newsnight but shes too tired. How can she be tired, the husband wonders, when shes at
35、home all day? What does she do? I dont want to get drawn into the unproductive name calling that passes for debate on the question of working versus stay-at-home women. The point, surely, is that women should have the freedom to do exactly what they wish to do with their lives, and that very freedom
36、 is only real if it originates from women themselves. Marry a man who is happy for you to be you, happy whether you do or dont work.11 In Michael Noers view, marrying a career woman is risky because（A）career women will usually get unhappy.（B） career women are feminists and demanding.（C） its more lik
37、ely to lead to an unhappy marriage.（D）the marriage is bound to be difficult.12 The word “outcry“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to（A）controversy.（B） consequence.（C） a loud cry.（D）protest.13 According to the author, many men prefer trophy wives to working women because（A）they feel working
38、women are trouble.（B） they desire first class malehood and sexual security.（C） they feel working women are not safe at home.（D）they love the comfortable home their wives have made.14 The two quoted sentences in Lines 4-5, Paragraph 4 are used to show that（A）housewives like to talk about trivial thin
39、gs in life.（B） men like to have light conversations with their wives when they arrive at home.（C） men like the feeling of a comfortable home but not necessarily the trivial conversations.（D）women are energetic and talkative because they dont have to work outside. 15 The author holds in the last para
40、graph that women should（A）give birth to fewer babies and do less housework.（B） find someone who supports their decisions about their lives.（C） talk with their husbands and then decide what to do with their own lives.（D）break up with their husband and get the freedom they want.15 You wrinkle your nos
41、e and narrow your eyelids if you see a dead rat in the road, but you open your eyes and mouth wide if you see a live one in your bedroom. Why is that? Facial expressions are usually thought of as simple tools of communication, but in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Charles
42、 Darwin proposed that they may prepare us to react to situations when he noticed that some expressions seemed to be used across cultures and even species. Now Joshua Susskind and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, Canada, have put that idea to the test.Susskinds team wondered whether the c
43、haracteristic expressions of feareyes wide open, eyebrows raised and mouth agapemight improve how sensory information is acquired and so increase alertness. Conversely disgustwith the face all squeezed upmight blunt the senses, shielding us from unpleasant sights and smells.The researchers asked sub
44、jects to complete various tests while holding a fearful, disgusted or neutral expression. In one they had to identify when a spot entered their field of view. In another they were required to shift their focus as quickly as possible between two targets on a computer screen. How much air the voluntee
45、rs breathed in while expressing fear and disgust was also measured.In each case the wide-eyed Home Alone(the movie series starring Macaulay Culkin)face let significantly more of the world in. Subjects with wide-open eyes detected peripheral objects more quickly and performed side-to-side eye movemen
46、ts faster. They also took in more air with each breath without exerting any extra effort. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan showed the nasal cavity was enlarged while subjects held this expression, which the team suggest could be linked with a greater ability to absorb odors.“These changes are cons
47、istent with the idea that fear, for example, is a posture towards vigilance, and disgust a posture towards sensory rejection,“ says Susskind. His team is already at work on experiments to explore to what extent the brain can use this extra information to enhance performance. “What was nice was the n
48、umber of different ways they got at this question,“ says Elizabeth Phelps at New York University. “They were very creative.“ She thinks the work could open up a whole new way of thinking about facial expressions.16 Charles Darwins The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals proposed that facia
49、l expressions might（A）act as a simple tool of cross-cultural communication.（B） get people ready to the changes of circumstances.（C） be difficult to understand in different cultures.（D）equip people with the knowledge of other species.17 In Joshua Susskinds research, the researchers（A）wondered whether there existed other expressions of fear.（B） wanted subjects to use facial expressions to complete tests.（C） wanted to test how much air subjects breathed in normally.（D）wondered whether expressions of disgust blunted our senses.1
