1、2006 年同济大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：94.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.How can personal income tax be levied to_ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?（分数：2.00）A.interestB.benefitC.profitD.concern2.To fund the_ event and also promote
2、the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).（分数：2.00）A.beneficentB.expensiveC.costlyD.luxurious3.Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week but they are_ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an a
3、verage 46 hours at the grindstone.（分数：2.00）A.outdoneB.outweighedC.outrunD.outrivaled4.This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and_at a record pace.（分数：2.00）A.wastedB.reconstructedC.destructedD.reversed5.The elements of nature must be reckoned with
4、in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the_of the Russian winter.（分数：2.00）A.severityB.consequenceC.influenceD.threat6.The company, EDS, is smart enough to_90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creative business so
5、lutions.（分数：2.00）A.break outB.break offC.break away fromD.break down7.Most environmental_from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss have become markedly worse.（分数：2.00）A.symptomsB.highlightsC.indicatorsD.symbols8.What we call nature is, _, the sum of the changes made by all the vario
6、us creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.（分数：2.00）A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense9.Although the “on line“ life style has dominated the majority of city youth, most people in the remote countryside still
7、think internet or something is_to their life.（分数：2.00）A.unconcernedB.irrelevantC.inseparableD.inaccessible10._near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to explore every aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and student life, popular culture, the natura
8、l landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.（分数：2.00）A.PossessingB.AcquiringC.ApprehendingD.Interpreting11.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, _the postal service is less efficient.（分数：2.00）A.w
9、hereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas12.The board of directors have already discussed the subject_ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.（分数：2.00）A.in placeB.at lengthC.on endD.off and on13.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vag
10、ueness, and breadth of the information marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, _they may be.（分数：2.00）A.whatsoeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.which14.The World Bank is taking steps to_ its lending to reducing poverty in the Third World Countries.（分数：2.00）A.orientB.tailorC.adaptD.adjust15.To
11、tal investments for this year reached $ 56 million, and to put this into_ investments this year will double those made in 199（分数：2.00）A.sightB.visionC.perspectiveD.horizon16.The year of 776 BC is considered to be the founding date of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lasted more than 11
12、 centuries _ they were banned in 393 A D.（分数：2.00）A.whenB.afterC.asD.until17.As did his_ Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.（分数：2.00）A.contemporariesB.part-ownersC.companionsD.accomplices18.In a world where information is a flood_to
13、 everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietarythe only organizations and managers who will thrive are those who can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.（分数：2.00）A.acceptableB.availableC.accessibleD.attaina
14、ble19.The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and efficiency, and in micropro-cessed engine technology, have radically cut_.（分数：2.00）A.releasesB.emissionsC.poisonsD.contamination20.If humans use up too much soilwhich they have often done and are doingthen they will starve down to the carrying
15、 capacity of their habitat. This is natures “indifferent“（分数：2.00）A.flexibilityB.justiceC.plasticityD.sensibility二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen
16、 within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches an ox to a plough. Inanimate sources of ener
17、gy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist. The human use of fire involved an inan
18、imate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small of feed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired. The use of fire made it possible for human beings, e
19、volutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and
20、parasiticinfestation. Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies. In short, the use of fire put into
21、 motion an accelerating series of technological advances. About 10,000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step that of writing, took place in the Middle Eas
22、t about 5,000 years ago. This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5,000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks. To be sure other animals can build complex societies and ca
23、n be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants
24、practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city. The most complex nonhuman societies, those of the insect
25、s, are, however, the re-suit of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect bod
26、y. It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The process of species making chemical energy is similar to the
27、 process of combustion.B.The process of species making chemical energy is less complicated than the process of combustion.C.Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D.Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.(2).From the passage we know_.（分数：2.00）A.fire mad
28、e human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB.fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC.fire made some animals frightenedD.fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely(3).Judging from the context, the phrase “hand-to-mouth“ (Line
29、 2, Para. 5) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.adventurousB.unhappyC.wanderingD.unstable(4).The point of similarity between a complex human society and a complex bee society is_.（分数：2.00）A.the division of laborB.the use of fireC.the development of industryD.the development of a written language(5).Acc
30、ording to the passage, insect societies_.（分数：2.00）A.are governed by the instincts of insectsB.are not fundamentally different from human societiesC.are composed of individuals of the same typeD.are as not warlike as human beingsModern technology may not have improved the world all that much but it c
31、ertainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hellif he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what
32、technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed “passive“ systems
33、, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective “active“ system, which doesnt just contain, deflect, or mask the noise, but annihilates it electronically. The system works by countering the offending noise with “anti-noise“
34、, a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image) , so can a sound w
35、ave be negated by meeting its opposite. This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost high-power mi
36、croprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market. Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the
37、 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise
38、 signal and send it to the systems microprocessor, which almost instantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is to eliminate: the anti-noise ca
39、ncelling Beethovens Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethovens Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The
40、 system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs ones peace of mi
41、nd.（分数：10.00）(1).The writer holds that_.（分数：2.00）A.modern technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB.modern technology has made people indifferent to noise pollutionC.modern technology has made the present world quieter than beforeD.modern technology has failed to solve the problem of no
42、ise pollution(2).According to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system_.（分数：2.00）A.contains noise rather than negates itB.eliminates noise rather than muffles itC.deflects noise rather than baffles itD.holds noise back rather than stifles it(3).In paragraph 5 the word “buffs“ means_.（分数：2.00
43、）A.settlersB.enthusiastsC.buyersD.manufacturers(4).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.In the past, people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offending noise.B.An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave being flatt
44、ened by meeting its exact opposite.C.The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s.D.Active noise-cancellation systems are now available on the market.(5).Active noise-cancellation systems require_.（分数：2.00）A.microphonesB.microprocessorsC.loudspeakersD.all of the aboveIn the early
45、 years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as Cepheid (造父变星) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imper
46、ceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool. It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the Cepheid variables in detail. She found th
47、at these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of timefrom one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and precisely measured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy. Leavitt also noticed that the p
48、eriodicity of each cepheid variablethat is the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightest againcorresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the stars absolute brightness, the slower its cycl
49、e of variation. Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the stars gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Ther
