1、考博英语-261 及答案解析(总分：88.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.Although the accident did yew little _ to the car, I still suggest that you drive more carefully next time.（分数：0.50）A.demolishmentB.ruinC.destructionD.damage2.Generous public funding of basic science would _ considerable benefits
2、 for the countrys health, wealth and security.（分数：0.50）A.lead toB.result fromC.lie inD.settle down3.Criticism and self-criticism are necessary _ they help us to find and correct our mistakes.（分数：0.50）A.by thatB.at thatC.on thatD.in that4.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the resu
3、lts would _ her long effort.（分数：0.50）A.justifyB.testifyC.rectifyD.verify5.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great _.（分数：0.50）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggerationD.stimulation6.The returns in the short _ may be small, but over a number of years the in- ves
4、tment will be well repaid.（分数：0.50）A.intervalB.rangeC.spanD.term7.The machine needs a complete _ since it has been in use for over ten years.（分数：0.50）A.amendingB.fittingC.mendingD.renovating8.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a _ of him.（分数：0.50）
5、A.glanceB.glimpseC.lookD.sight9.I dont think its wise of you to_ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.（分数：0.50）A.show upB.show outC.show inD.show off10.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post _ no responsibility with it at all?（分数：
6、0.50）A.shouldersB.possessesC.carriesD.shares11.We had to _ a lot of noise when the children were at home.（分数：0.50）A.go in forB.hold on toC.put up withD.keep pace with12.The patients health failed to such an extent that he was put into care.（分数：0.50）A.tenseB.rigidC.intensiveD.tight13.He offered to _
7、her a hand as the suitcase was too heavy for her to carry.（分数：0.50）A.helpB.showC.lendD.borrow14.A persons calorie requirements vary _ his life.（分数：0.50）A.acrossB.throughoutC.overD.within15.In a time of social reform, peoples state of mind tends to keep _ with the rapid changes of society.（分数：0.50）A.
8、stepB.progressC.paceD.touch16.A thorough study of biology requires _ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.（分数：0.50）A.acquisitionB.discriminationC.curiosityD.familiarity17.Harry was _ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.（分数：0.50）A.stungB.stuckC.bittenD.scra
9、tched18.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his _ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.（分数：0.50）A.commentB.reactionC.impressionD.comprehension19.However, at times this balance in nature is _, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effect
10、s.（分数：0.50）A.troubledB.disturbedC.confusedD.puzzled20.Im very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _ my debt in return for certain services.（分数：0.50）A.take awayB.cut outC.write offD.clear up二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethol
11、ogy, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that earning is a part of social life
12、. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes. (24) , the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans, it is something in between the two. An illustration best (2
13、6) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that. shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if
14、these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought be
15、es communicated with others purely (33) instinct. But, in examining a “dance“ that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-
16、purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant. upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.（分数：15.00）A.assumedB.adoptedC.believedD.surmisedA.considerateB.
17、consideredC.considerableD.consideringA.statuesB.statusesC.statutesD.staturesA.Whats moreB.HenceC.ButD.HoweverA.notB.onlyC.butD.solelyA.clarifiesB.classifiesC.definesD.outlinesA.thanB.beforeC.whenD.afterA.onB.withC.inD.withinA.appropriatedB.substitutedC.assignedD.distributedA.variedB.deviatedC.differ
18、edD.alteredA.fashionedB.modifiedC.influencedD.affectedA.mayB.shouldC.mustD.canA.byB.out ofC.fromD.throughA.proveB.makeC.turnD.createA.otherwiseB.stillC.yetD.even三、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Today cognitive theorists empirically study the impact of feelings on cogniti
19、ve processes such as memory and judgment and also the reciprocal influence of cognition on emotion. However, evolutionary theorists view emotion as a powerful source of motivation-an internal communication that something must be done. For example, when people are threatened, they feel fear, which in
20、 turn leads them to deal with the threatening situation through either fight or flight. Emotions and drives may also operate in tandem to motivate action, as when excitement accompanies sexual arousal. From an evolutionary perspective, different emotions serve different functions. Fear facilitates f
21、light in the face of danger; disgust prevents ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as rotting meat.An emotion that is less well understood is jealousy. Why do people become jealous in intimate sexual relationships? One series of studies tested evolutionary hypotheses about differences in t
22、he concerns men and women have about their partners fidelity. Since females can have only a limited number of children during their lifetimes, to maximize their reproductive success they should be motivated to form relationships with males who have resources and will contribute them to their offspri
23、ng. Indeed, cross-cultural evidence demonstrates that one of the main mate selection criteria used by females around the world is mate resources. From a females point of view, then, infidelity accompanied by emotional commitment to the other woman is a major threat to resources. A man unlikely to di
24、vert re- sources from his mate and her offspring to a casual fling, but the risk increases dramatically if he becomes emotionally involved and perhaps considers switching long-term partners. Hence, a womans jealousy would be expected to focus on her mates emotional commitment to another female.For m
25、ales, the situation is different. If a male commits himself to an exclusive relationship with a female, he must be certain that the offspring in whom he is investing are his own. Since he cannot be sure of paternity, the best he can do is to prevent his mate from copulating with any other males. In
26、males, then, jealousy would be expected to focus less on the females emotional commitment or resources and more on her tendency to give other males sexual access. Indeed, in species ranging from insects to humans, males take extreme measures to prevent other males from inseminating their mates. In h
27、umans, male sexual jealousy is the leading cause of homicides and of spouse battering cross-culturally.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage discusses the _ approach to human emotions.（分数：2.00）A.evolutionaryB.cognitiveC.psychologicalD.economic(2).Evolutionary theorists view emotion as all of the following exce
28、pt _.（分数：2.00）A.cognitive processesB.a source of motivationC.something promoting actionD.serving various functions(3).The idea presented in the 2nd paragraph can be best described as _.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.materialisticC.ironicalD.offspring-oriented(4).According to the evolutionary perspective, wom
29、ens jealousy ultimately stems from _.（分数：2.00）A.concern over their husbands reproductive abilityB.fear that their husbands resources would be threatenedC.their husbands divided attention to them and their offspringD.their emotional instability resulting from their husbands infidelity(5).According to
30、 this passage, a mans jealousy is mainly focused on _.（分数：2.00）A.a concern over their wives resourcesB.the fatherhood of the offspring to whom he is investingC.their mates emotional commitmentD.the legitimacy of their marriage五、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)While hackers with motives make headlines, they
31、 represent less than 20% of all net- work security breaches. More common are instances of authorized users accidentally winding up where they should not be and inadvertently deleting or changing data. However, the Internet introduces another concern: some Internet surfers are bound to go where they
32、have no business and, in so doing, threaten to wipe out data to which they should not have access.Before picking a firewall, companies need to adopt security policies. A security policy states who or what is allowed to connect to whom or what. You can group all users by department or classification.
33、 The better firewall products let you drag and drop groups in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment to define network security easily.Two methods are most often used together to establish an Internet firewall. They are application and circuit gateways, as well as packet filtering. With applic
34、ation and circuit gateways, all packets are addressed to a user-level application on a gate-way that relays packets between two points. With most application gateways, additional packet-filter machines are required to control and screen traffic between the gateway and the networks. A typical configu
35、ration includes two routers. With a bastion host that serves as the application gateway sitting between them.A drawback to application and circuit gateways is that they slow network performance. This is because each packet must be copied and processed at least twice by all the communication layers.
36、Packet-filter gateways, which act as routers between two nets, are less secure than application gateways but more efficient. They are transparent to many protocols and applications, and they require no changes in client applications, no specific application management or installation, and no extra h
37、ardware.Using a single, unified packet-filter engine, all net traffic is processed and then for- warded or blocked from a single point of control. However, most packet filters are state- less, understand only low-level protocols, and are difficult to configure and verity. In addition, they lack audi
38、t mechanisms. Some packet filters are implemented inside routers, limiting computing power and filtering capabilities. Others are implemented as s9ftware packages that filter the packets in application-layer processes, an inefficient approach that requires multiple data copies, expensive delays and
39、context switches and delivers lower throughput.So whats a network administrator to do? Some vendors are developing firewalls that overcome many of these problems and combine the advantages of application gateways and packet filtering. These efficient, protocol-independent, secure firewall engines ar
40、e capable of application-level security, user authentication, unified support, and handling of all protocols, auditing and altering. They are transparent to users and to system setup, and include a GUI for simple and flexible system management and configuration.（分数：10.00）(1).The most suitable title
41、for this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.Hackers and Our DefenseB.Internet Surfers GuideC.Firewall: A Measure of Network SecurityD.Information Technology(2).According to what you have read, the authors probable preference will he _.（分数：2.00）A.walling for the coming of better firewall products,B.finding a co
42、mbination of both application gateway and packet filtering approachC.meeting demands of every type with better productsD.implementing one better approach in the adoption of a firewall solution(3).In choosing a firewall product, what is implied as the main concern of the author?（分数：2.00）A.Management.
43、B.Transparency.C.Independence.D.Efficiency.(4).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the networks using application and circuit gateways?（分数：2.00）A.Secure and speedy.B.Secure but slow.C.Insecure and slow.D.Insecure but speedy.(5).For whom is this passage most likely writ
44、ten?（分数：2.00）A.Government officials.B.Hackers.C.Network. administrators.D.Computer experts.六、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Internet is a global network that connects other computer networks, together with software and protocols for controlling the movement of data. The Internet, often referred to as
45、“the Net“, was initiated in 1969 by a group of universities and private research groups funded by the US Department of Defense. It now covers almost every country in the world. Its organization is informal and deliberately nonpolitical; its controllers tend to concentrate on technical aspects rather
46、 than on administrative control.The Internet offers users a number of basic services including data transfer, electronic mail, and the ability to access information in remote databases. A notable feature is the existence of user groups, which allow people to exchange information and debate specific
47、subjects of interest. In addition, there are a number of high-level services. For example, MBONE allows the transmission of messages to more than one destination. It is used in videoconferencing. The World Wide Web, known as “the Web“, is another high level Internet service, developed in the 1990s i
48、n Geneva. It is a service for distributing multimedia information, including graphics, pictures, sounds, and video as well as text. A feature of the World Wide Web is that it allows links to other related documents elsewhere on the Internet. Documents for publication on the Web are presented in a fo
49、rm known as HTML (hypertext mark up language). This allows a specification of the page layout and typography as it will appear on the screen. It also allows the inclusion of active links to other documents. Generally, these appear on the screen display as highlighted text or as additional icons. Typically, the user can use a mouse to “click“ on one of these points to load and view a related document. Many commercial and public organiza
