1、考研数学二-矩阵的特征值和特征向量、二次型(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To produce the upheaval (激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The (1) of a half-dozen leaders in
2、 education provided the personal force that was needed. (2) , an outcry (呐喊) for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction (3) among the alumni (校友) and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode (压倒) all (4) opposition. The aggressive “Yo
3、ung Yale“ movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more (5) spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously (6) to relieve the colleges poverty and demand new (7) . Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by (8) off church leader
4、ship everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new (9) of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing (10) in the citadel (城堡) of Harvard College, (11) Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, le
5、d the (12) forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliots (13) They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the (14) and the development of the (15) system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raisin
6、g of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering (培养) of greater (16) in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 18721877. (17) the appointment of a clean (院长) to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of (18) ,
7、 the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and (19) as young animals. One new course of study after another was (20) science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.（分数：10.00）(1).A uproar B threshold C em
8、ergency D emergence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A However B Moreover C Thereafter D Indeed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A aroused B arose C roused D incurred（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A conservative B conventional C radical D profound（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A flexible B liberal C literate D literary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A ral
9、lied B assembled C gathered D summoned（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A resource B orientation C reserve D enterprise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A putting B taking C growing D letting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A point B meaning C commitment D sense（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A blow B crack C strike D stroke（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).
10、A when B where C which D that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A drastic B massive C extreme D progressive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A administration B manipulation C regulation D institution（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A subject B course C curriculum D syllabus（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A elective B selective C subjective D ob
11、jective（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A diversity B maturity C seniority D versatility（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A By B With C Upon D At（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A penalty B code C virtue D discipline（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A little B less C much D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A opened up B set down C brought up D laid do
12、wn（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In most parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a recent gathering of green luminariesin a film stars house, naturally, for that is how seriousness is often
13、 established in Los Angelesthe dominant note was self-satisfaction at what the state has already achieved. And perhaps nobody is more complacent than Arnold Schwarzenegger. Unlike A1 Gore, a presidential candidate turned prophet of environmental doom, Californias governor sounds cheerful when talkin
14、g about climate change. As well he might: it has made his political career.Although California has long been an environmentally-conscious state, until recently greens were concerned above all with smog and redwood trees. “Coast of Dreams“, Kevin Stags authoritative history of contemporary California
15、, published in 2004, does not mention climate change. In that year, though, the newly-elected Mr. Schwarzenegger made his first tentative call for western states to seek alternatives to fossil fuels. Gradually he noticed that his efforts to tackle climate change met with less resistance, and more ac
16、claim, than just about all his other policies. These days it can seem as though he works on nothing else.Mr. Schwarzeneggers transformation from screen warrior to eco-warrior was completed last year when he signed a bill imposing legally-enforceable limits on greenhousegas emissionsa first for Ameri
17、ca. Thanks mostly to its lack of coal and heavy industry, California is a relatively clean state. If it were a country it would be the worlds eighth-biggest economy, but only its 16th-biggest polluter. Its big problem is transportmeaning, mostly, cars and trucks, which account for more than 40% of i
18、ts greenhouse-gas emissions compared with 32% in America as a whole. The state wants to ratchet down emissions limits on new vehicles, beginning in 2009. Mr. Schwarzenegger has also ordered that, by 2020, vehicle fuel must produce 10% less carbon: in the production as well as the burning, so a simpl
19、e switch to corn-based ethanol is probably out.Thanks in part to California s example, most of the western states have adopted climate action plans. When it comes to setting emission targets, the scene can resemble a posedown at a Mr. Olympia contest. Arizonas climate-change scholars decided to set
20、a target of cutting the states emissions to 2000 levels by 2020. But Janet Napolitano, the governor, was determined not to be out-muscled by California. She has declared that Arizona will try to return to 2000 emission levels by 2012.California has not just inspired other states; it has created a va
21、nguard that ought to be able to prod the federal government into stronger national standards than it would otherwise consider. But California is finding it easier to export its policies than to put them into practice at home. In one way, California s self-confidence is fully justified. It has done m
22、ore than any other statelet alone the federal governmentto fix Americas attention on climate change. It has also made it seem as though the problem can be solved. Which is why failure would be such bad news. At the moment California is a beacon to other states. If it fails, it will become an excuse
23、for inaction.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger is cheerful chiefly becauseA climate change is not worrying California anymore.B even film stars become serious about environmental protection.C he has benefited personally from Californias achievements.D his style of admi
24、nistration is always dominated by self-satisfaction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why did Mr. Schwarzenegger seem to be working on nothing else?A Because California has always been environmentally-conscious.B Because Kevin Starr failed to talk about climate change in his book.C Because his call for alternati
25、ve fuels has been most strongly echoed.D Because all his other policies met with more acclaim than resistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Corn-based ethanol might not be chosen as an alternative becauseA carbon reduction in both fuel production and burning might be hard.B California also intends to cut dow
26、n emissions from new vehicles.C it is almost impossible for vehicle fuel to produce 10% less carbon.D Californias corns are chiefly transported by cars and trucks.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Janet Napolitano is mentioned in the passage to show thatA Arizona is determined to out-muscle California.B female g
27、overnors often set unrealistic goals.C Arizona will start a Mr. Olympia contest with California.D Californias actions have produced some positive effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text thatA California needs further actions to inspire other states.B California has set a perfec
28、t model for other states to follow.C California will become an excuse for inaction for other states.D California might find it difficult to execute its own policies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If the opinion polls are to be believed, most Americans are coming to trust their government m
29、ore than they used to. The habit has not yet spread widely among American Indians, who suspect an organization which has so often patronized them, lied to them and defrauded them. But the Indians may soon win a victory in a legal battle that epitomizes those abuses.Elouise Cobell, a banker who also
30、happens to be a member of the Blackfeet tribe in Montana, is the leading plaintiff in a massive class-action suit against the government. At issue is up to $10 billion in trust payments owed to some 500,000 Indians. The suit revolves around Individual Indian Money (11M) accounts that are administere
31、d by the Interior Departments Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Back in the 1880s, the government divided more than 11m acres of tribal land into parcels of 80 to 160 acres that were assigned to individual Indians. Because these parcels were rarely occupied by their new owners, the government assumed
32、responsibility for managing them. As the Indians trustee, it leased the land out for grazing, logging, mining and oil drilling-but it was supposed to distribute the royalties to the Indian owners.In fact, officials admit that royalties have been lost or stolen. Records were destroyed, and the govern
33、ment lost track of which Indians owned what land. The plaintiffs say that money is owing to 500,000 Indians, but even the government accepts a figure of about 300,000. For years, Cobell heard Indians complain of not getting payment from the government for the oil-drilling and ranching leases on thei
34、r land. But nothing much got done. She returned to Washington and, after a brush-off from government lawyers, filed the suit.Gale Norton, George Bushs interior secretary was charged with contempt in November because her department had failed to fix the problem. In December, Judge Lam berth ordered t
35、he interior Department to shut down all its computers for ten weeks because trust-fund records were vulnerable to hackers. The system was partly restored last month and payments to some Indians, which had been interrupted l resumed.And that is not the end of it. Ms Norton has proposed the creation o
36、f a new Bureau of Indian Trust Management, separate from the BIA. Indians are cross that she suggested this without consulting them. Some want the trust funds to be placed in receivership, under a , neutral supervisor. Others have called for Congress to establish an independent commission, including
37、 Indians, to draw up a plan for reforming the whole system. A messy injustice may at last be getting sorted out.（分数：10.00）(1).What is implied but not stated in the first sentence is that American IndiansA expressed their gratitude for their lawyers.B won a victory by use of legal weapons.C have lost
38、 confidence in their government.D came to believe the public opinion polls.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It seems that the author is most critical of the governmentsA irresponsibility.B interference.C bureaucracy.D inequality.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When mentioning “parcels of 80 to 160 acres“, the writer is ta
39、lking aboutA oil prospectors.B trust payments.C private property.D land ownership.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the attitude of American Indians towards Gale Nortons proposal?A Skeptical.B Scornful.C Annoyed.D Indifferent.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is TRUE according the text?A Trust
40、funds have been placed in the hands of American Indians.B Payments owed to American Indian have been indefinitely delayed.C BIA deliberately leaves trust-fund records vulnerable to risks.D American Indians should become increasingly vocal for justice.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A very i
41、mportant world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow
42、 at its present rate.In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fastby the staggering figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a new population roughly equal to t
43、hat of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50 years.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the
44、 knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control“. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control“ Death Control“ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety
45、of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we diecreating a population explosion. We used to think that reaching seventy y
46、ears old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achievement for our species. Biologically this is the very definition of success and we have undoubtedly become the dominant animal
47、 on the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.Man is constantly destroying the very resources which keep him alive. He is destroying the balance of nature which regulates climate and the atmosphere, produces and maintains healthy soils, provides food from
48、the seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today we are ensuring there will be no tomorrow.An understanding of mans effect on the balance of nature is crucial to be able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion a
49、re caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer cou
