1、考研英语 721 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beh
2、avi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cl
3、ass values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Ch
4、anges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into crimina
5、l behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rat
6、es. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、 not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly
8、on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.0
9、0）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in r
10、esearch. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people und
11、erstand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that e
12、ncouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen whe
13、n epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such well-meaning people just don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We n
14、eed to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, anim
15、al research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of tr
16、uth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made
17、 courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burke
18、s words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C.warn of the doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement.(2).Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.i
19、nhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignorance about medical science.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author beli
20、eves that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.strive to develop new cures.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast i
21、n animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.U.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the pro
22、blem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both dru
23、gs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or i
24、nsensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving bal
25、lot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much l
26、ess expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that under
27、lie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to incr
28、easing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the eff
29、orts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans,
30、 like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. prisoners（分数：0.20）A.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are most jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The word “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most
31、 probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of smuggling drugs.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C.it usua
32、lly gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.(4).There seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D.the imposs
33、ible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B.forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C.lessening the fund supply to drugs courts.D.taking reward or punishment measures.The classic difficulty felt w
34、ith democracy arises from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any such unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic). The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in
35、the poetry rather than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of dominant majority. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner
36、 as to undermine the moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of their own course and in the use of their own faculties. Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in
37、 that; the underlying assumption of every kind of government by wisers and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a government treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on
38、 the basis of their having no rights that the government must take into account. But democracy affirms that people are fit to control themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power-even the power of a majority-can interfere w
39、ith the lives of people. Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence of democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because s
40、uch limitation is essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy. Respect for the freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. But democracy
41、, unless it is to deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections （分数：1.00）(1).By “the prose of democracy“ ( Par. 1 ) the author
42、most probably means its（分数：0.20）A.popular interpretation.B.actual operation.C.ongoing compromise.D.rational limitation.(2). In the authors view, the failure of nondemocratic governments to respect human independence（分数：0.20）A.is in conformity with their basic assumptions.B.interferes with the rights
43、 of the minority.C.hinders the achievement of their objectives.D.leads to consequences beyond their anticipation.(3). We can infer from the selection that（分数：0.20）A.democracy in its true sense can scarcely be regarded as realistic.B.democracy has to give up its moral basis for proper compromise.C.de
44、mocratic governments should respect the rights of the minority.D.democratic governments must weigh the claims of political inferiors.(4).Which of the following does the author consider essential for the preservation of the moral basis of democracy?（分数：0.20）A.Actual development of self-governments of
45、 the minority.B.Real expression of the whole peoples will.C.Necessary limitation on the power of the government.D.Full respect for the freedom of all individuals.(5). According to the text, all types of governments believe that the（分数：0.20）A.minority must well cooperate with the majority.B.course of
46、 citizens lives is to be regulated officially.C.individual is entitled to directing his or her own affairs.D.government can hardly express the will of every citizen.In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as t
47、he Web proved to be more than fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because o
48、f doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until
