1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 206 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Despite your best intentions and efforts, it is【B1】_: At some point in your life,
2、 you will be wrong. 【B2】_ can be hard to digest, so sometimes we double down rather than 【B3】_ them. Our confirmation bias kicks in, causing us to 【B4】_ out evidence to prove what we already believe. The car you 【B5】_ off has a small dent in its bumper, 【B6】_ obviously means that it is the other dri
3、ver s fault. Psychologists call this cognitive dissonancethe stress we experience when we hold two 【B7】_ beliefs, opinions or attitudes. For example, you might believe you are a kind and【B8】_person, so when you rudely cut someone off, you experience 【B9】_ . To【B10】_with it, you deny your mistake and
4、 insist the other driver【B11】_have seen you, or you had the right of way even if you didn t. When we apologize for being wrong, we have to accept this dissonance, and that is【B12】_. On the other hand, research has shown that it can feel good to stick【B13】_our guns. One study found that people who re
5、fused to apologize felt more in control than those who did not refuse. Feeling【B14】_may be an attractive short-term benefit,【B15】_there are long-term consequences. Refusing to apologize could potentially【B16】_the trust on which a relationship is based. So how exactly do you change your behavior and
6、learn to【B17】_your mistakes? The first step is to learn to recognize your usual justification and【B18】_. Mr. Okimoto said it also helped to remember that people were often more【B19】_than you might think. On the flip side, if it is undeniably clear that you are in the wrong, refusing to apologize【B20
7、low self-confidence.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.realizableB.inevitableC.remarkableD.available(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.MistakeB.FailureC.TroubleD.Loss(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.saveB.faceC.conquerD.control(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.turnB.setC.putD.seek(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.giveB.takeC.cutD.turn(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whi
8、chC.thatD.where(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.contradictoryB.significantC.similarD.consistent(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.sympatheticB.humbleC.braveD.fair(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.regretB.dissonanceC.guiltyD.pain(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.finishB.complyC.goD.cope(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.unpl
9、easantB.unfriendlyC.unconsideredD.universal(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.toB.onC.outD.at(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.positiveB.usefulC.wonderfulD.powerful(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.asB.andC.butD.therefore(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.jeopardizeB.buildC.betrayD.maintain(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.discardB.correctC.embraceD.avoid(18).【B18】
10、分数：2.00）A.negotiationB.motivationC.rationalizationD.association(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.creativeB.modestC.forgivingD.warmhearted(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.revealsB.forgesC.transfersD.explains二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four
11、texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Today we re told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. In fact, one-third to one-half of Americans are introverts. If youre not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising, managing, married to, or coupl
12、ed with one. If these statistics surprise you, that s probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts. Some fool even themselves, until some life event jolts them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that th
13、e most unlikely people consider themselves introverts. It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal. The archetypal extrovert works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like to think that we value individuality, b
14、ut all too often we admire one type of individualthe kind whos comfortable “putting himself out there“. Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any personality they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to tho
15、se who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so. Introversionalong with its cousins sensitivity, seriousness, and shynessis now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology . Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are discounted because of a
16、 trait that goes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style, but weve turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform. The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this research has never been grouped under
17、 a single name. Talk active people, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking, more interesting, and more desirable as friends. We rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Even the word introvert is stigmatizedone informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found th
18、at introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture. But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions came from quie
19、t and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the first two paragraphs that_.（分数：2.00）A.most people in America are introvertB.American people prefer introvert to extrovertC.your family members or friends may pr
20、etend to be extrovertD.in American society, only the extrovert could succeed(2).Many introverts hide their real character because of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.we are living in an Extrovert Ideal societyB.both teamwork and social activities are suited to the extrovertC.people only accept one k
21、ind of individualthe extrovertD.gifted loners could be tolerated because of their wealth(3).The word “pathology“ in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.termagancyB.optimismC.depressionD.abnormality(4).Laurie Helgoe is mentioned in Paragraph 5 to show_.（分数：2.00）A.according to a research,
22、 the word “introvert“ has been insultedB.Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many researchesC.psychologist believe that talk active people are smarter and more interestingD.people believe that fast talkers are more desirable as friends(5).Which of the following would be the authors attitude towar
23、d introvert?（分数：2.00）A.skepticalB.positiveC.negativeD.disgustedSpeaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits. In recent years, scientists have begun to show that being bilingual makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills no
24、t related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age. Researchers, educators and policy makers in 20 century considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a childs academic and intellectual development. There is ample evidence that in a bilin
25、gual s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workou
26、t that strengthens its cognitive muscles. The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain s so-called executive function. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to ano
27、ther and holding information in mindlike remembering a sequence of directions while driving. Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that wa
28、s honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers
29、 scattered randomly on a page. The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often,“ says Albert Costa, a searcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping
30、track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.“ In a study comparing Ger man-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Cost and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so wit
31、h less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it. The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life.（分数：
32、10.00）(1).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the advantage of speaking two languages?（分数：2.00）A.Improving other field s cognitive skills.B.Benefiting to the brain and making people smarter.C.Protecting against Alzheimer s disease.D.Enhancing the reactivity and memory.(2).The und
33、erlined sentence in Paragraph 2 means_.（分数：2.00）A.this interference may help develop our brainB.our brain will face more challenges from bilingual learningC.bilingual experience could improve speakers comprehensionD.speaking two languages obstructs people s memory of driving(3).The key difference be
34、tween bilinguals and monolinguals is that_.（分数：2.00）A.the basic ability restrains two languagesB.they pay attention to the changes of their own conditionsC.bilinguals are more efficient and cautiousD.bilinguals are more sensitive to surroundings(4).According to the text, which of the following is TR
35、UE?（分数：2.00）A.People believe that monolingual learning positively affects the brain.B.Monolinguals need to neglect brains internal conflict and stay focused.C.Bilinguals could do better in observing the changes of environment.D.Bilingual experience affects children more than old people.(5).What is t
36、he most suitable subject of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Bilingual learning could benefit from their ability.B.Bilingual could work effectively without disturbance.C.Two active language systems make people smarter.D.It is never too late to learn a second language.The Term “CYBERSPACE“ was coined by Willia
37、m Gibson, a science-fiction writer. In the book Mr. Gibson describes cyberspace as “a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators“ and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.“ The myriad connections forged
38、by these computing devices have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanitys collective store of knowledge every day. But data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost. The potential damage, though, extends well beyond
39、 such commercial incursions. Americas president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest national-security dangers“ the country is facing. Securing cyberspace is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both da
40、ta and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CEIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $445 billi
41、ona sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria. There is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids
42、and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-secu
43、rity right. There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. Cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny compu
44、ters that connect them to the web and make them more useful. But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking used to b
45、e about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.（分数：10.00）(1).William Gibson is mentioned to_.（分数：2.00）A.tell readers the origin of websiteB.demonstrate the earliest use of the InternetC.introduce the tremendous benefits to everyoneD.
46、show the prescient in his literally creation(2).According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.Network threat is the most serious social threat today.B.The advantages of Internet outweigh the disadvantages.C.Data leakage becomes increasingly popular on the Internet.D.Internet fr
47、aud has become one of the security dangers.(3).The word “sabotage“ in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.destructionB.menaceC.persecuteD.plagiary(4).In the last two paragraphs, the author worries that_.（分数：2.00）A.billions of new devices will be connected to the webB.crooks and spooks s
48、teal financial data and trade secretsC.some new massive changes of cyber-threats will happenD.hackers may take advantage of the Internet of things(5).The author s attitude toward hackers is _.（分数：2.00）A.skepticalB.ambiguousC.negativeD.sympatheticThe bastion of excellence in American education is being destroyed by state budget cuts and mounting costs. Whatever else it is, higher education is shot through with waste, lax academic standards and mediocre
