1、The Mixed System: How did primaries change the presidential nomination process?,Methods of Nominating Presidential Candidates,“King Caucus”: 1800-1828Convention System: 1832-1912,The Convention System,National party nominating convention selects presidential candidate Strong parties Patronage High p
2、articipation Parties try to control presidents,Three changes at the turn of the 20th century,Civil Service,Rise In Civil Service Employment,Number of federal employees under merit system, 1816-1921,Three changes at the turn of the 20th century,Civil ServiceCommunications technology,Changes in techno
3、logy,Railroads (1850s +)Daily newspapers (1880s +)Radio and TV (1930s +),Number of daily and weekly newspapers,Number of Households with radio and TV (in millions),Three changes at the turn of the 20th century,Civil ServiceCommunications technologyPrimary elections,Number of States Holding Primary E
4、lections,First Three Methods of Nominating Presidential Candidates,“King Caucus”: 1800-1828Convention System: 1832-1912Mixed System: 1912-1968,Mixed System,Real decision about nomination made at national conventionCandidates can choose to run in primaries,Percent of Party Convention Delegates Chosen
5、 by Primaries,Number of Convention Ballots to Select Presidential Nominee,Number of Convention Ballots to Select the Presidential Nominee,1952 Democratic Convention: Delegates pledged by primaries,Sen. Estes Kefauver (TN): 257.5 delegates Gov. Adlai Stevenson (IL): 41.5 delegates Uncommitted: 611.5
6、delegatesOthers: Sen. Richard Russell (GA): 161.5 delegates Averell Harriman: 112.5 delegates Sen. Bob Kerr (OK): 45.5 delegates,Review the three systems weve discussed.Which do you think is most democratic? Which has the best chance of producing good presidents?,1968 Democratic Convention,The Prima
7、ry System,Presidential Party Nomination Systems,“King Caucus”: 1800-1828Convention System: 1832-1912Mixed System: 1912-1968Primary System: 1972-?,McGovern Fraser Commission: Changes to Democratic Party Rules,Anti-discrimination provisions Explicit party rules and open party meetings Bans the UNIT RU
8、LE Unit rule: the practice of apportioning delegates in a winner-take-all fashion Encourages broad and open participation in delegate selection process Mandates that minorities opinions be fairly weighted in delegate selection process Bans the automatic delegate-status of party officials and elected
9、 officeholders,Number of states holding primary elections,Percent of Party Convention Delegates Chosen by Primaries,Some delegates still chosen by other means,Caucus: A Meeting where any affiliated voter can come and express their opinions State convention: Local party groups select delegates to sta
10、te party convention. State convention delegates select delegates to national nominating convention.,Consequences of Party Reform,Increase in number of primaries Increase in importance of media (And hence the importance of early primaries!),Consequences of Party Reform,Increase in number of primaries
11、 Increase in importance of media Increase in importance of early primaries (and momentum and expectations!),A representative beginning? From the 2000 Census,Consequences of Party Reform,Increase in number of primaries Increase in importance of media Increase in importance of early primaries (and mom
12、entum and expectations!) Decreases importance of national party conventions,Consequences of Party Reform,Increase in number of primaries Increase in importance of media Increase in importance of early primaries Decreases importance of national party conventions Decreases importance of state party le
13、aders Party activists give way to candidate activists,Changes After 1968,McGovern-Fraser reformsFECA,Federal Election Campaign Act,Creates a voluntary subsidy for candidates who enter primary elections All funds candidates raise in amounts of $250 or less (if they raise $5000 in 20 different states)
14、 are matched by the federal government on Jan 1 of election yearBans large donations by individuals Individuals can only give $2000 to a primary candidate,Consequences of Party Reform & FECA,Increase in number of primaries Increase in importance of media Increase in importance of early primaries Decreases importance of national party conventions Decreases importance of state party leaders Harder to raise money (takes longer to raise big money in small contributions!),A Couple of Problems?,Ideological primary voters?Candidates mobilize factions?,
